Historical Apoplexy · Federal Proposals · Bharat Productive Capacity Authority & Civic Robot Corps
The Civic Robot Corps and Productive Capacity Authority of India Act
The first international adaptation — Union-State-Local layered, anchored in the National Food Security Act, MGNREGA-Viksit Bharat, the Digital Bharat Nidhi industry-levy model, NIIF, ISRO, the Maharatna framework, and the doctrine of Antyodaya from Integral Humanism.
PARLIAMENT OF INDIA 18th Lok Sabha, Second Session 2026
BILL No. ____ OF 2026
INTRODUCED BY THE MINISTER FOR _____________ (or, alternatively, as a Private Member's Bill under Rule 65 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha)
CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BHARAT PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY AUTHORITY AND THE CIVIC ROBOT CORPS OF INDIA AS THE PUBLIC INSTRUMENTS BY WHICH ROBOTIC MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY AT REPLICATION SCALE IS ORGANISED FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE CITIZENS OF INDIA; TO PROVIDE FOR A PERSONAL PRODUCTIVE ASSET ENTITLEMENT FOR EVERY CITIZEN; TO PROVIDE FOR A PROPOSED ARTICLE OF AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA UNDER ARTICLE 368; TO PROVIDE FOR A LAYERED UNION-STATE-LOCAL FUNDING ARCHITECTURE INHERITING THE PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM, THE MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT, THE DIGITAL BHARAT NIDHI, AND THE NATIONAL INVESTMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE FUND PRECEDENTS; AND FOR MATTERS CONNECTED THEREWITH OR INCIDENTAL THERETO.
A BILL FOR AN ACT
LONG TITLE
AN ACT to provide for the establishment of the Bharat Productive Capacity Authority and the Civic Robot Corps of India as the principal public instruments by which robotic manufacturing technology at the replication threshold is organised, governed, financed, and made available for the benefit of every citizen of India; to provide for a personal productive asset entitlement attaching to every citizen of India, codified as a proposed Article of Amendment to the Constitution of India under the procedure of Article 368; to provide for the Authority's establishment as a Union-chartered statutory body on the structural template of the Indian Space Research Organisation, the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund Limited, and the Maharatna Central Public Sector Enterprise framework, with operational autonomy within Union ownership; to provide for a layered Union-State-Local funding architecture combining a statutory industry levy on the model of the Digital Bharat Nidhi (formerly the Universal Service Obligation Fund) under the Telecommunications Act, 2023; Union grants under Article 282 of the Constitution of India; Sixteenth Finance Commission devolution; State co-financing and operational delivery; and Panchayati-Raj-Institution implementation at the village, block, and district level; to provide for the Civic Robot Corps as a public-good labour body integrated with the Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana and inheriting the operational heritage of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005; to provide for the integration of the Authority's productive output with the National Food Security Act, 2013 and the Targeted Public Distribution System; to provide for the Authority's coordination with the Institute for Plasma Research and the Indian fusion energy roadmap for the electrical-power preconditions of replication-scale operation; to provide for the phased deployment of the Authority's operations from a pilot at an Indian Institute of Technology campus through full replication-scale deployment; to provide for the Authority's compliance with the doctrine of Antyodaya as articulated in Integral Humanism (Ekatma Manav Darshan) and adopted as the basic philosophy of national self-reliance under Atmanirbhar Bharat; and to provide for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
LEGISLATIVE ROUTING NOTE
FILING PROCEDURE: This Bill, being an Ordinary Bill within the meaning of the Rules of Procedure of either House of Parliament, may be introduced in either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. The Bill is not a Money Bill within the meaning of Article 110 of the Constitution of India. After introduction and First Reading, the Bill will, in the ordinary course, be referred to the relevant Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees for examination, public consultation, and report.
COMMITTEE REFERENCES: - Standing Committee on Industry (productive-capacity provisions) - Standing Committee on Commerce (industry-levy and trade provisions) - Standing Committee on Labour, Textiles and Skill Development (Civic Robot Corps and citizen service architecture) - Standing Committee on Science and Technology, Environment, Forests and Climate Change (robotics and fusion-energy coordination) - Standing Committee on Finance (funding architecture and Treasury borrowing authority) - Standing Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution (integration with the National Food Security Act and TPDS) - Standing Committee on Rural Development and Panchayati Raj (Panchayati-Raj-Institution implementation and the Civic Robot Corps integration with the Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana)
FISCAL IMPACT: The Comptroller and Auditor General of India shall, in accordance with Article 148 of the Constitution of India, prepare an independent fiscal impact statement on the Bill's provisions. Initial Union appropriation under this Act is provided for in Title II and shall not exceed Rupees ten thousand crore in the first financial year of operation, with authority for Union borrowing under Title II not exceeding Rupees fifty thousand crore over the initial deployment window. The statutory industry levy under Title II shall not, at any time, exceed two per cent of the assessed industry revenue base in any quarter.
CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS: This Act is enacted pursuant to: - Article 246 read with the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India, including List I Entry 21 (works, lands, and buildings), Entry 52 (industries the control of which by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest), and Entry 97 (any matter not enumerated in List II or List III); List II to the extent of State co-operation; and List III, including Entry 24 (welfare of labour) and Entry 25 (education); - Article 282, authorising Union grants for any public purpose notwithstanding the absence of specific legislative competence under Lists I-III; and - Article 368, in respect of the proposed Article of Amendment under the Paramount Declaration.
LEGISLATIVE DECLARATION
BE IT ENACTED by Parliament in the Seventy-Seventh Year of the Republic of India as follows:
THE PARAMOUNT DECLARATION OF THIS ACT
(I) ON THE WORD "ROBOT" — ITS ORIGIN AND ITS CORRECT MEANING.
The word "robot" entered the modern global vocabulary from the Czech-language play "R.U.R." (Rossumovi Univerzalni Roboti, "Rossum's Universal Robots") by Karel Capek, first published in 1920 and first produced on the stage in Prague on 25 January 1921. The word was proposed during the writing of the manuscript by Josef Capek, the playwright's brother. The Czech root "robota" denotes physical labour, drudgery, or assigned work, and is cognate with the Old Church Slavonic "rabota" (servitude, work). From the moment of its first published appearance the word "robot" has named what it still names today: a constructed machine that performs physical labour on behalf of a human being.
This Act adopts the word in its original Capek meaning. A "robot," within the meaning of this Act, is a physical machine, of any form factor — humanoid, wheeled, stationary, mobile, aerial, sub-scale, or fixed-installation — that perceives its surroundings, accepts instruction, and performs physical labour in response. Humanoid form is one category among many. The word names function, not form.
(II) THE PARAMOUNT RIGHT OF EVERY CITIZEN OF INDIA.
Parliament finds that the productive technology now reaching deployment scale, as documented in the Verification Notes preceding this Act and in the legislative findings of Section 1, creates the material precondition for a right not previously possible in the history of any human civilisation: the right of every citizen of India to a personal productive asset capable of performing physical labour on the citizen's behalf.
Parliament further finds that this right is paramount among the provisions of this Act. The corporate form of the Bharat Productive Capacity Authority under Title I, the funding architecture of Title II, the operational provisions of Title III (including the Civic Robot Corps established under Section 17A), the citizen service architecture of Title IV (including the Personal Productive Asset entitlement established under Section 19A), the Terminal Configuration of Title V, and every other operational feature of this Act exist for the purpose of effectuating the right declared in this subsection. Where a conflict arises between any operational provision and the right declared in this subsection, the right declared in this subsection governs.
Parliament further finds that the right declared in this subsection is unalienable. It is held by every citizen of India, by birth or by naturalisation under the Citizenship Act, 1955, without distinction arising from religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, residence, employment, political affiliation, or economic condition. The right is the citizen's to claim or to decline. No claim shall be conditioned upon any political, ideological, behavioural, or means-tested gate.
This right is in addition to, and not in derogation of, the Directive Principles of State Policy under Part IV of the Constitution of India, including in particular Article 39 (certain principles of policy to be followed by the State), Article 41 (right to work, to education, and to public assistance), Article 43 (living wage for workers), and the obligation under Article 47 to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of the people.
(III) PROPOSED ARTICLE OF AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA.
Parliament hereby proposes the following Article of Amendment to the Constitution of India under the procedure of Article 368, including, where applicable under the proviso to Article 368(2), the requirement of ratification by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States. This proposed Article of Amendment is reproduced verbatim below, and Parliament further finds that the ratification of this Article of Amendment by the requisite number of State Legislatures is the principal constitutional objective of this Act:
ARTICLE [TO BE DESIGNATED UPON RATIFICATION] OF AMENDMENT TO THE
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
"21B. Right to a personal productive asset.
"(1) The right of every citizen of India, whether by birth or by
naturalisation, to a personal productive asset of a kind defined
by Parliament by law, shall not be infringed.
"(2) Parliament shall have power to enforce this Article by
appropriate legislation, including the establishment of the means
by which the asset is designed, manufactured, distributed,
maintained, and, where elected by the citizen, deployed.
"(3) No citizen shall be compelled to accept, possess, or operate
the asset described in clause (1). The right is the citizen's to
claim or to decline, and no benefit, privilege, or right of
citizenship shall be conditioned upon the claim of the asset.
"(4) Nothing in this Article shall be construed to alter the
provisions of Articles 14, 19, 21, 25, or 32 of this Constitution.
The asset described in clause (1) is a productive instrument and
is not a weapon."
The Secretary-General of the Lok Sabha shall transmit this proposed Article of Amendment to the Legislatures of the States not later than ninety days after the date of receiving the assent of the President to this Act, in accordance with the procedure of Article 368 of the Constitution of India.
(IV) THE OPERATIONAL MANDATE PRECEDES RATIFICATION.
The right declared in subsection (II), and the corresponding entitlement provided for under Section 19A of this Act, are operational mandates of this Act and shall be honoured by the Bharat Productive Capacity Authority from the date of commencement of this Act, irrespective of the status of the constitutional amendment process initiated under subsection (III). The proposed Article of Amendment is the formal constitutional codification of a right this Act creates as a matter of operational Union law and which the Authority is required to effectuate as a matter of operational Union law.
SECTION 1. Legislative findings and declaration.
Parliament hereby finds and declares as follows:
FINDINGS RELATING TO THE INDIAN LINEAGE OF THIS ACT:
(1) INDIA POST AS THE LONGEST-RUNNING UNIVERSAL-SERVICE INSTRUMENT. On the establishment of the Imperial Post Office in 1854 and its continued operation through the Indian Post Office Act, 1898 and successor legislation, the Union of India and its predecessor have maintained an uninterrupted universal-service public undertaking with delivery to every village, every post office address, and every citizen for one hundred and seventy-two years. The Department of Posts under the Ministry of Communications operates more than one hundred and fifty-six thousand post offices, the largest postal network in the world. The India Post structural model demonstrates that a Union- chartered universal-service body can be operated with continuity across every government of India since 1854, that the universal-service obligation is a defensible and well-recognised structural feature of Indian public administration, and that the Union has the institutional competence to operate productive infrastructure at the scale of the entire population.
(2) THE NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY ACT, 2013 AND THE 81.35-CRORE BENEFICIARY GUARANTEE. The National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA) established a legal right to subsidised foodgrain delivery to up to seventy-five per cent of the rural population and up to fifty per cent of the urban population per Census 2011, in the aggregate eighty-one point three five crore (813.5 million) beneficiaries. By Cabinet decision of 23 December 2022 the grain entitlements were converted from subsidised to free with effect from 1 January 2023 under the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY). The NFSA-TPDS structural model is the largest food-security programme in the recorded history of any nation. It demonstrates that a Union-chartered public distribution mechanism can be operated at the scale of two-thirds of the population without commercial collapse, that the Targeted Public Distribution System infrastructure is operationally proven, and that the public distribution of a basic commodity is, in India, an established public function rather than a contested one.
(3) THE MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT, 2005 AND THE PRADHAN MANTRI VIKSIT BHARAT ROZGAR YOJANA, 2026. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (MGNREGA) established a statutory right to one hundred days of wage employment in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. In Financial Year 2024-25, approximately fifteen point nine nine crore (159.9 million) households were registered and two hundred and ninety point six zero crore person-days of employment were generated. In Financial Year 2025-26 (as on 23 July 2025), Rupees forty-five thousand seven hundred and eighty-three crore had been released under the scheme. The Union Budget for Financial Year 2026-27 reorganised the rural employment guarantee mechanism under the Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana, extending the employment guarantee from one hundred days to one hundred and twenty-five days per eligible rural household. The MGNREGA-Viksit Bharat structural model demonstrates that a Union- chartered employment guarantee can be operated at the scale of fifteen crore households continuously and that the Union has the administrative competence to deliver labour-market support at population scale.
(4) THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACT, 2023 AND THE DIGITAL BHARAT NIDHI INDUSTRY-LEVY PRECEDENT. The Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) was established under the Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Act, 2003 with effect from 1 April 2002. By the operation of the Telecommunications Act, 2023, the USOF has become the Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN). The DBN is funded by a statutory levy on telecommunications service providers, recovered as a pass-through to subscribers, and used to support universal service in underserved rural and remote areas. The DBN structural model demonstrates that a Union-administered industry levy can be operated as a statutory funding mechanism for a national public-purpose programme, that the levy can be imposed on a defined industry revenue base without recourse to general taxation, and that Parliament has previously exercised the legislative competence to authorise such a mechanism.
(5) THE NATIONAL INVESTMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE FUND, 2015 AS THE INDIAN SOVEREIGN-ANCHORED ASSET-MANAGER PRECEDENT. The National Investment and Infrastructure Fund Limited (NIIF) was incorporated in 2015 as the sovereign-anchored alternative asset manager of the Union. NIIF operates three investment sub-funds — the Master Fund, the Fund of Funds, and the Strategic Investments Fund. The Government of India holds forty-nine per cent of NIIF Trustee Limited. Recent capital commitments include up to United States Dollars seven hundred and fifty million for the Private Markets Fund II. The NIIF structural model demonstrates that the Union can establish a permanent capital pool at sovereign scale, that the pool can attract co-investment from international and domestic sources, and that the Union retains operating influence through majority ownership of the Trustee.
(6) THE INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANISATION, 1969 AS THE FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC-AGENCY PRECEDENT. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established on 15 August 1969 under the Department of Space. ISRO has operated continuously across every government of the Union since 1969, has delivered launch services on a commercial basis to international customers, has developed indigenous capability across the launch vehicle, satellite, and ground-station value chains, and has secured a Union Budget allocation of Rupees thirteen thousand seven hundred and five point six zero crore in Financial Year 2026-27. The ISRO structural model demonstrates that a Union-chartered scientific agency can operate at the technological frontier, can be self-financing in respect of commercial activities, and can sustain fifty-seven years of operation with growing private-sector participation without loss of Union ownership.
(7) THE BHARATIYA HEAVY ELECTRICALS LIMITED, OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION, INDIAN OIL CORPORATION, COAL INDIA LIMITED, AND THE MAHARATNA AND NAVRATNA FRAMEWORK. The Maharatna and Navratna framework administered by the Department of Public Enterprises provides the operational template for Union- chartered productive enterprises with public-shareholder ownership, professional governance, commercial discipline, and operational autonomy. The framework demonstrates that a Union-chartered productive enterprise can be operated commercially, can compete with private-sector entities, can retain Union ownership of the controlling interest, and can deliver outputs of national strategic significance.
FINDINGS RELATING TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF THIS ACT:
(8) INTEGRAL HUMANISM AND THE DOCTRINE OF ANTYODAYA. Parliament takes notice of the doctrine of Integral Humanism (Ekatma Manav Darshan) articulated by Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya in his four lectures delivered in Bombay from 22 to 25 April 1965, and adopted in 1965 as the official doctrine of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh and subsequently the Bharatiya Janata Party. Parliament takes particular notice of the doctrine of Antyodaya — the rise of the last person, the obligation to elevate the most deprived first — as the operative principle by which the productive capacity made possible by the replication threshold is to be organised under this Act. Parliament further notes that Integral Humanism is, by the express terms of Article 3 of the Bharatiya Janata Party constitution, the basic philosophy of the party currently holding the majority in Parliament, and that this Act draws on the doctrine as an indigenous philosophical foundation distinct from both Western liberal individualism and collectivist economic ideologies.
(9) ATMANIRBHAR BHARAT AND THE PRODUCTION-LINKED INCENTIVE SCHEME. Parliament takes notice of the Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India) programme of the Union and of the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme administered across notified industrial sectors. Both the Atmanirbhar Bharat programme and the PLI Scheme proceed on the premise that the deepening of domestic productive capacity is a national-interest objective, that performance-based incentives are an appropriate mechanism for accelerating that deepening, and that self-reliance in productive infrastructure is the structural condition for sovereignty in the era of the replication threshold. This Act extends the Atmanirbhar Bharat and PLI logic from the conventional manufacturing sectors into the robotic-manufacturing sector that the replication threshold defines.
FINDINGS RELATING TO THE REPLICATION THRESHOLD:
(10) THE REPLICATION THRESHOLD. Parliament finds that humanoid and non-humanoid robotic manufacturing technology has entered production deployment as of 2025 and 2026, with Boston Dynamics Atlas in production for Hyundai Motor Group (production target thirty thousand units per year by 2028); Tesla Optimus public production targets of fifty thousand to one million units per year by 2027; Apptronik Apollo at a five-billion-United-States-Dollar valuation with backers including Google, Mercedes-Benz, Deere, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and consumer humanoid units (Unitree R1) shipping at five thousand nine hundred United States Dollars per unit. Parliament further finds that the Indian robotics ecosystem has, with the unveiling of the Made-in-India humanoid robot ELIXIS-W by Addverb Technologies at the AI Impact Summit 2026 on 18 February 2026, entered the same deployment phase, and that the Indian capability is sufficient to support a Union-chartered productive-capacity programme operating on indigenous platforms. The replication threshold is the civilisational discrete moment at which reliable robot-built-by-robot manufacturing becomes operational; before the threshold, productive capacity scales linearly with human labour inputs; after the threshold, productive capacity compounds, with unit cost on goods approaching energy plus raw materials plus amortised capital and the labour term approaching zero. The coinage "replication threshold" is from Cooper, Historical Apoplexy 2025-2026.
(11) THE INDIAN FUSION ENERGY ROADMAP. Parliament takes notice of the Indian fusion energy programme administered by the Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar, under the Department of Atomic Energy, including the ADITYA tokamak, the Steady State Superconducting Tokamak SST-1, the planned SST-2 bridge device, India's participation in the ITER project through ITER-India, and the roadmap to an Indian DEMO power plant with a five-times output-to-input power ratio by the year 2060 articulated by IPR in September 2025. The Indian fusion roadmap is the long-horizon energy precondition for the Authority's post-replication-threshold operations under Title V.
FINDINGS RELATING TO PRODUCTIVE-CAPACITY ARITHMETIC:
(12) THE INDIAN PRODUCTIVE ARITHMETIC. Parliament finds, on the basis of National Sample Survey Office data, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation national accounts, and the Reserve Bank of India industrial statistics, that the productive capacity required to provide basic consumer goods to the population of India at present scale is achievable through approximately fifty thousand to seventy- five thousand consumer-goods manufacturing facilities operating at the Atmanirbhar Bharat productivity benchmark, and that the existing Indian manufacturing base, when augmented by replication-scale robotic production, has the structural capacity to meet that threshold within the Authority's phased deployment window under Title III.
(13) THE FOOD-DELIVERY PRECEDENT. Parliament finds, on the basis of the National Food Security Act, 2013 operational record (eighty-one point three five crore beneficiaries, free grain delivery since 1 January 2023) and the Defence Commissary Agency operational record of the United States of America (one hundred and fifty-nine years of no-profit grocery distribution under 10 U.S.C. Section 2484), that the public distribution of basic commodities at scale is operationally proven in both the Indian and the American contexts, that the arithmetic underlying the operation is not contested in either context, and that the structural transition from public distribution of consumed goods (food) to public distribution of produced goods (consumer manufactures) is the next logical extension of an existing and well-functioning Indian public infrastructure.
TITLE I
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BHARAT PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY AUTHORITY AND THE UNION-STATE-LOCAL FRAMEWORK
SECTION 2. Definitions.
For the purposes of this Act, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) "Authority" or "BPCA" means the Bharat Productive Capacity Authority established by this Title.
(b) "State Productive Capacity Mission" or "State Mission" means the State-level body designated or constituted by each State and Union Territory pursuant to Section 4.
(c) "Local Productive Capacity Sabha" or "LPCS" means the local operational body established at the level of the Panchayati Raj Institution or the urban local body pursuant to Section 5.
(d) "Civic Robot Corps" means the public-good labour body established under Section 17A.
(e) "Personal Productive Asset" means the productive asset to which every citizen of India is entitled under Section 19A and under the proposed Article of Amendment to the Constitution of India set forth in subsection (III) of the Paramount Declaration of this Act.
(f) "Productive Capacity" means the aggregate ability of robotic manufacturing infrastructure to produce goods of any kind, including food, basic consumer goods, components, machines, and the robotic machines themselves, at unit cost approaching the sum of energy, materials, and amortised capital.
(g) "Replication Threshold" has the meaning given that term in Section 1(10).
(h) "Atmanirbhar Bharat" has the meaning given that term in the Atmanirbhar Bharat programme of the Union.
(i) "Antyodaya" means the doctrine articulated by Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya in Integral Humanism (Ekatma Manav Darshan), namely the rise of the last person and the obligation to elevate the most deprived first.
(j) Other terms used in this Act and not separately defined herein shall carry the meaning given in the General Clauses Act, 1897, the Constitution of India, or the principal Acts referred to in this Act, as the context requires.
SECTION 3. Establishment of the Bharat Productive Capacity Authority.
(a) ESTABLISHMENT. There is hereby established a Union-chartered statutory body to be known as the Bharat Productive Capacity Authority (BPCA), on the structural template of the Indian Space Research Organisation (Department of Space, 1969), the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund Limited (2015), and the Maharatna Central Public Sector Enterprise framework administered by the Department of Public Enterprises.
(b) BODY CORPORATE. The Authority shall be a body corporate with perpetual succession and a common seal, with power to acquire, hold, and dispose of property, both movable and immovable, and to contract, and shall sue or be sued in its own name.
(c) PURPOSE. The Authority is established for the following purposes: (1) to organise the productive capacity made possible by the replication threshold for the benefit of every citizen of India; (2) to effectuate the Personal Productive Asset entitlement of every citizen under Section 19A; (3) to operate the Civic Robot Corps under Section 17A; (4) to coordinate State Productive Capacity Missions under Section 4 and Local Productive Capacity Sabhas under Section 5; (5) to integrate the Authority's productive output with the National Food Security Act, 2013 and the Targeted Public Distribution System; (6) to coordinate with the Institute for Plasma Research and the Indian fusion energy roadmap for the electrical-power preconditions of replication-scale operation; (7) to advance Antyodaya and Atmanirbhar Bharat as the operative philosophical principles of the Authority's work; and (8) to discharge such other functions as Parliament may from time to time prescribe.
(d) GOVERNANCE. The Authority shall be governed by a Board of Directors consisting of: (1) a Chairperson, appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of the Union Cabinet, for a term of five years and eligible for one reappointment; (2) the Secretary, Department of Public Enterprises, or his nominee not below the rank of Joint Secretary, ex officio; (3) the Secretary, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, or his nominee not below the rank of Joint Secretary, ex officio; (4) the Secretary, Ministry of Labour and Employment, or his nominee not below the rank of Joint Secretary, ex officio; (5) the Secretary, Department of Consumer Affairs, or his nominee not below the rank of Joint Secretary, ex officio; (6) the Director, Institute for Plasma Research, or his nominee, ex officio; (7) one representative of the Civic Robot Corps elected by Corps members from among themselves; (8) one representative of the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund Limited; (9) up to five Independent Directors with demonstrated competence in robotics engineering, manufacturing, public administration, or constitutional law, appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of a search-and-selection committee constituted for the purpose; and (10) such other ex officio members as may be prescribed.
(e) COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL. The accounts of the Authority shall be audited annually by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India under Article 149 of the Constitution of India, and the audited accounts together with the audit report shall be laid before each House of Parliament under Article 151.
(f) ANTYODAYA COMPLIANCE OBLIGATION. The Authority shall, in the discharge of its functions, give effect to the doctrine of Antyodaya by ensuring that the citizens with the lowest existing access to productive assets are the first to receive the benefits of the Authority's operations.
SECTION 4. Establishment of State Productive Capacity Missions.
(a) STATE MISSION DESIGNATION. Each State and each Union Territory shall, by State legislation enacted within twenty-four months of the commencement of this Act, designate or constitute a State Productive Capacity Mission. The designation may be a newly created State Mission, a designated function within an existing State agency (such as the Industries and Commerce Department, the Department of Labour and Employment, the Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Department, or an analogous body), or a State-chartered company under the Companies Act, 2013. The Authority shall accept any such designation that meets the minimum statutory requirements of this Title.
(b) STATE PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY MISSION PLAN. Each State Mission shall submit to the Authority a five-year State Productive Capacity Mission Plan (SPCMP) describing: (1) the State's governance structure for productive-capacity operations; (2) the proposed schedule for establishing Local Productive Capacity Sabhas within the State; (3) the proposed allocation of Union grants under Section 7; (4) the proposed performance metrics under the doctrine of Antyodaya; (5) integration with the State's existing implementation of the National Food Security Act and the State's Public Distribution System; and (6) integration with the Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana at the State level.
(c) STATE MATCH REQUIREMENT. Each State Mission shall provide a State appropriation matching at least one-third of the Union grant under Section 7 for the SPCMP to be approved, except in the case of States classified as Special Category States and Union Territories under the Sixteenth Finance Commission framework, in which case the State match shall be one-fifth.
(d) STATE PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY PERMANENT FUND OPTION. Each State Mission is authorised to establish a State Productive Capacity Permanent Fund on the model of the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund Limited, capitalised from State Mission operating revenue, State appropriations, and Union grants under Section 7.
SECTION 5. Establishment of Local Productive Capacity Sabhas.
(a) ESTABLISHMENT. Each Panchayati Raj Institution (Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad) under Part IX of the Constitution of India, and each urban local body (Municipal Corporation, Municipal Council, and Nagar Panchayat) under Part IXA, may, at the option of the elected members of the Panchayati Raj Institution or urban local body and subject to ratification by the Gram Sabha or the equivalent local assembly, establish a Local Productive Capacity Sabha for the territorial jurisdiction of the Panchayati Raj Institution or urban local body.
(b) GRAM-SABHA RATIFICATION. The establishment of a Local Productive Capacity Sabha at the Gram Panchayat level shall require ratification by the Gram Sabha in accordance with the procedure of the Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA) where applicable, and the analogous procedure under the State Panchayati Raj Act elsewhere. This ratification is the structural analogue of the local voter-approval requirement that distinguishes the public-library taxing-district model in other federal systems.
(c) FUNCTIONS. The Local Productive Capacity Sabha shall: (1) operate one or more productive-capacity facilities in coordination with the Civic Robot Corps under Section 17A; (2) issue Personal Productive Asset enrolments to resident citizens under Section 19A and forward the same to the Authority; (3) integrate productive output with the local Fair Price Shop network under the National Food Security Act, 2013 and with local implementations of the Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana; and (4) report annually to the State Productive Capacity Mission and the Authority on the operational performance of the LPCS, including adherence to the doctrine of Antyodaya.
SECTION 6. Coordination with Existing Programmes.
(a) NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY ACT, 2013. The Authority shall coordinate with the Department of Food and Public Distribution to integrate the Authority's productive output (including, in the early phase of the Authority's operations, robotic production of canned and packaged food, and, in the mature phase, robotic production of staple grain and ready-to-cook food) with the Targeted Public Distribution System. Nothing in this Act shall reduce the entitlements of NFSA beneficiaries.
(b) MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT, 2005 AND PRADHAN MANTRI VIKSIT BHARAT ROZGAR YOJANA. The Civic Robot Corps established under Section 17A is, in respect of its rural employment component, designed to operate in coordination with MGNREGA-Viksit Bharat job-card holders. Service in the Civic Robot Corps shall qualify as wage employment for the purposes of the MGNREGA-Viksit Bharat one-hundred-and-twenty-five-day entitlement, and the Authority shall enter into a memorandum of understanding with the Ministry of Rural Development to give effect to this provision.
(c) DIGITAL BHARAT NIDHI. The Authority's funding architecture under Title II includes a statutory industry levy on the model of, and distinct in revenue base from, the Digital Bharat Nidhi. Cross- funding between the DBN and the Authority shall not be permitted.
TITLE II
FUNDING ARCHITECTURE
SECTION 7. Union Grants and Sixteenth Finance Commission Devolution.
(a) UNION APPROPRIATION. Parliament hereby appropriates from the Consolidated Fund of India for the operations of the Authority a sum not exceeding Rupees ten thousand crore (Rs. 10,000,00,00,000) in the first financial year of the Authority's operation under this Act, and such further sums as Parliament may from time to time appropriate under the Annual Financial Statement laid before Parliament under Article 112 of the Constitution of India.
(b) ARTICLE 282 GRANTS. The Union may, under Article 282 of the Constitution of India, make grants to State Productive Capacity Missions for the purposes of this Act, notwithstanding that the purpose of any such grant is not one with respect to which Parliament or the State Legislature, as the case may be, may make laws under Article 246.
(c) SIXTEENTH FINANCE COMMISSION DEVOLUTION. The Authority shall coordinate with the Department of Expenditure and the State Productive Capacity Missions to integrate the Authority's grant flows with the Union-State fiscal devolution under the Sixteenth Finance Commission Report (Dr. Arvind Panagariya, Chairman) for the period 2026-27 to 2030-31.
SECTION 8. Statutory Industry Levy (Digital Bharat Nidhi Model).
(a) ESTABLISHMENT. A statutory Productive Capacity Levy is hereby imposed on the assessed revenue of: (1) robotics manufacturers and importers operating in India; (2) industrial automation service providers; (3) artificial intelligence service providers operating commercial foundation-model services in India; and (4) such other categories of productive-technology service providers as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify.
(b) LEVY RATE. The Productive Capacity Levy shall be assessed as a percentage of the levy-payer's quarterly adjusted gross revenue attributable to the categories specified in subsection (a). The rate shall be determined quarterly by the Authority, subject to the following ceilings: (1) the rate shall not exceed two per cent of the assessed revenue base in any quarter; and (2) the rate shall not exceed one per cent in the first eight quarters of the Authority's operation under this Act.
(c) PASS-THROUGH. The Productive Capacity Levy may be passed through to commercial subscribers and customers of levy-payers as a separate line-item, on the model of the Digital Bharat Nidhi pass-through under the Telecommunications Act, 2023.
(d) ADMINISTRATION. The Productive Capacity Levy shall be administered by the Authority in consultation with the Department of Revenue.
(e) SUNSET. The Productive Capacity Levy shall be reviewed by Parliament not later than ten years from the commencement of this Act and shall be sunset upon Parliament determining that the Authority has achieved operational self-sufficiency under Title V.
SECTION 9. Treasury Borrowing Authority.
(a) AUTHORISATION. The Authority is authorised to borrow from the Consolidated Fund of India, with the prior approval of the Central Government and the Reserve Bank of India, a sum not exceeding Rupees fifty thousand crore (Rs. 50,000,00,00,000) over the initial twenty- year deployment window from the commencement of this Act.
(b) REPAYMENT. All amounts borrowed under subsection (a) shall be repaid from the Authority's operating revenue under Section 11 and from such other sources as the Central Government may approve.
(c) NON-RECOURSE TO GENERAL TAXATION. The Authority's borrowing under subsection (a) shall not be guaranteed by any pledge of Union or State general taxation revenue beyond the Authority's own assets, the Productive Capacity Levy under Section 8, and the Union appropriations under Section 7.
SECTION 10. Bharat Productive Capacity Permanent Fund.
(a) ESTABLISHMENT. There is hereby established the Bharat Productive Capacity Permanent Fund, on the structural model of the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund Limited (2015).
(b) CORPUS. The principal of the Permanent Fund shall not be spent. Only the earnings of the Permanent Fund may be appropriated for the Authority's operations.
(c) CAPITALISATION. The Permanent Fund shall be capitalised from: (1) the Authority's operating revenue under Section 11 in such proportion as the Board of Directors may determine, being not less than twenty-five per cent of net operating revenue in any year; (2) the Productive Capacity Levy under Section 8 in such proportion as the Board of Directors may determine, being not less than ten per cent in any year; and (3) such Union appropriations as Parliament may from time to time designate for the Permanent Fund.
(d) NIIF COORDINATION. The Permanent Fund may, with the approval of the Board of Directors and the Central Government, enter into co- investment arrangements with the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund Limited.
SECTION 11. Operating Revenue.
(a) AT-COST DISTRIBUTION. The Authority's productive-capacity output shall be made available to citizens at a price not exceeding the sum of materials cost, energy cost, amortised capital cost, and an operating surcharge not exceeding five per cent for facility maintenance, on the structural model of the no-profit pricing of the Defence Commissary Agency of the United States of America under 10 U.S.C. Section 2484 (in operation since 1867).
(b) EXTERNAL SALES. The Authority may sell productive-capacity output to non-citizen commercial purchasers at commercial prices, with the surplus over the at-cost price under subsection (a) being credited to the Permanent Fund under Section 10.
(c) ANTYODAYA PRICING. The Authority shall, in giving effect to the doctrine of Antyodaya under Section 3(f), provide its output to the beneficiaries of the National Food Security Act, 2013 and to MGNREGA- Viksit Bharat job-card holders at zero or nominal cost as determined by the Board of Directors in consultation with the Department of Food and Public Distribution and the Ministry of Rural Development.
SECTION 12. Prohibition on General Fund Recourse.
The Authority shall, after the conclusion of the initial eight-year deployment window from the commencement of this Act, not seek appropriations from the Consolidated Fund of India in excess of the Union grant flows under Section 7 read with the Sixteenth Finance Commission devolution. The Authority's operations shall be financed from the combination of the Productive Capacity Levy under Section 8, operating revenue under Section 11, earnings of the Permanent Fund under Section 10, and Treasury borrowing under Section 9 subject to the borrowing ceiling and repayment requirement.
TITLE III
OPERATIONS, THE CIVIC ROBOT CORPS, AND PHASED DEPLOYMENT
SECTION 13. Operational Objectives.
The Authority shall operate so as to:
(a) provide every citizen of India who has claimed the Personal Productive Asset entitlement under Section 19A with the asset to which the citizen is entitled;
(b) operate productive-capacity facilities at the Union, State, and Local levels at unit cost approaching the sum of energy, materials, and amortised capital;
(c) coordinate with the National Food Security Act, 2013 and the Targeted Public Distribution System to integrate the Authority's food- production output with the existing public distribution mechanism;
(d) coordinate with the Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana to integrate the Civic Robot Corps with the rural employment guarantee; and
(e) advance the doctrine of Antyodaya by giving priority to the citizens with the lowest existing access to productive assets.
SECTION 14. Wave 1 — Pilot at Indian Institute of Technology Campus.
The Authority shall, within twelve months of the commencement of this Act, establish a pilot productive-capacity facility at an Indian Institute of Technology campus selected by the Board of Directors in consultation with the Department of Higher Education and the Institute for Plasma Research. The pilot facility shall:
(a) deploy not fewer than eight and not more than twelve humanoid or quadrupedal robotic units sourced from Made-in-India manufacturers including Addverb Technologies (Elixis-W programme) or such other Indian manufacturers as the Board may approve;
(b) produce school supplies, basic textbooks, canned food, and modular components for further productive-capacity facility construction;
(c) operate as a teaching-and-learning environment for the engineering faculty and students of the host Institute; and
(d) report quarterly to the Board of Directors and annually to Parliament on operational performance.
SECTION 15. Wave 2 — Multi-State Regional Deployment.
The Authority shall, within forty-eight months of the commencement of this Act, deploy productive-capacity facilities in not fewer than five States and Union Territories selected by the Board of Directors on the basis of:
(a) State Productive Capacity Mission Plans approved under Section 4;
(b) Local Productive Capacity Sabhas ratified by Gram Sabhas or analogous local assemblies under Section 5; and
(c) priority to States with the highest concentrations of NFSA beneficiaries and MGNREGA-Viksit Bharat job-card holders, in giving effect to Antyodaya.
SECTION 16. Wave 3 — Panchayati-Raj-Anchored Deployment.
The Authority shall, within ninety-six months of the commencement of this Act, deploy productive-capacity facilities at the Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad level in coordination with each participating State Productive Capacity Mission. Each Local Productive Capacity Sabha shall, in coordination with the Authority, operate one or more facilities.
SECTION 17. Wave 4 — Citizen Service Architecture Operational.
The Authority shall, within one hundred and twenty months of the commencement of this Act, complete the Civic Robot Corps deployment architecture under Section 17A and integrate the Personal Productive Asset entitlement under Section 19A with the Civic Robot Corps operational base.
SECTION 17A. Civic Robot Corps.
(a) ESTABLISHMENT. There is hereby established the Civic Robot Corps of India as a public-good labour body within the Authority.
(b) MEMBERSHIP. Every citizen of India between the ages of eighteen and sixty is eligible to enrol in the Civic Robot Corps. Enrolment is voluntary except as provided in subsection (e) in respect of the Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana coordination.
(c) FUNCTIONS. Civic Robot Corps members shall: (1) supervise, maintain, and operate the Authority's robotic manufacturing infrastructure; (2) deliver Personal Productive Asset entitlements under Section 19A to citizens at the Local Productive Capacity Sabha level; (3) coordinate with the Ministry of Defence in respect of any defence- adjacent productive-capacity output as may be authorised by Parliament by separate legislation; (4) coordinate with the Department of Posts in respect of the delivery of Personal Productive Asset entitlements to remote citizens; and (5) discharge such other functions as the Board of Directors may prescribe.
(d) COMPENSATION. Civic Robot Corps members shall receive compensation at not less than the State-notified minimum wage for the relevant category of work, with applicable allowances for skilled, semi-skilled, and supervisory functions as the Board of Directors may prescribe.
(e) MGNREGA-VIKSIT BHARAT INTEGRATION. Service in the Civic Robot Corps shall qualify as wage employment for the purposes of the Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana one-hundred-and-twenty- five-day entitlement. The Authority and the Ministry of Rural Development shall enter into a memorandum of understanding to give effect to this provision within twelve months of the commencement of this Act.
(f) ANTYODAYA PRIORITY. In any selection process for Civic Robot Corps positions where the number of applicants exceeds the available positions, the Board of Directors shall give priority in accordance with the doctrine of Antyodaya to applicants from the lowest-income deciles, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes as constitutionally classified, and applicants from districts classified as Aspirational Districts under the NITI Aayog framework.
(g) NO MILITARY APPLICATION. The Civic Robot Corps shall not be deployed for combat or for any function involving the application of force against any person. Productive-capacity output of the Authority shall not be weaponised, and Section 19A entitlements shall not be weaponised, within the meaning of the proposed Article of Amendment clause (4).
SECTION 18. Coordination with the Department of Atomic Energy and the Institute for Plasma Research.
The Authority shall coordinate with the Department of Atomic Energy and the Institute for Plasma Research for the long-horizon electrical- power preconditions of replication-scale operation, including participation in the Indian fusion energy roadmap (ADITYA, SST-1, the planned SST-2 bridge device, ITER-India participation, and the Indian DEMO power plant target) as those programmes mature.
TITLE IV
THE CITIZEN SERVICE ARCHITECTURE
SECTION 19. Citizen Enrolment and the Aadhaar-Based Identifier.
(a) ENROLMENT. Every citizen of India is automatically enrolled in the Authority's citizen registry upon attainment of the age of majority. Enrolment shall be effected through the Aadhaar Authentication Framework under the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016.
(b) NO COMPULSION. No citizen shall be compelled to enrol in the Authority's citizen registry, and no benefit, privilege, or right of citizenship shall be conditioned upon enrolment. A citizen who declines to enrol shall, upon subsequent application, be enrolled without prejudice.
(c) NON-CITIZEN STATUS. Non-citizens lawfully resident in India shall not be entitled to the Personal Productive Asset under Section 19A, but may, in the discretion of the Board of Directors and consistent with applicable visa and residency law, be permitted to purchase productive-capacity output under Section 11(b).
SECTION 19A. The Personal Productive Asset Entitlement.
(a) ENTITLEMENT. Every citizen of India is entitled, by virtue of the right declared in subsection (II) of the Paramount Declaration of this Act and pursuant to the proposed Article of Amendment to the Constitution of India under subsection (III) thereof, to a Personal Productive Asset of a kind defined by Parliament by law from time to time. In the initial phase of the Authority's operations, the Personal Productive Asset shall consist of: (1) for each citizen, an allocation of productive-capacity output from the Authority's facilities of sufficient quantity and quality to provide for the citizen's basic consumer-goods needs as determined by the Board of Directors in consultation with the Department of Consumer Affairs and the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission; and (2) for each Civic Robot Corps participating household, a household- scale productive-capacity unit (a single humanoid or non-humanoid robotic unit, with associated software, maintenance, and repair services) of a specification approved by the Board of Directors.
(b) NO MEANS TEST. The Personal Productive Asset entitlement shall not be conditioned on any means test, employment status, residency beyond the citizenship requirement, political affiliation, or behavioural condition.
(c) NON-TRANSFERABILITY. The Personal Productive Asset entitlement is non-transferable except by inheritance under the personal law applicable to the citizen or by gift to another citizen of India in accordance with rules prescribed by the Board of Directors. The entitlement may not be sold to a non-citizen or pledged as security for any loan.
(d) DECLINE. A citizen may decline the Personal Productive Asset entitlement at any time, and no consequence shall attach to the decline. A citizen who has declined the entitlement may, upon subsequent application, claim the entitlement without prejudice.
(e) ANTYODAYA PRIORITY IN ROLLOUT. In the rollout phase of the Personal Productive Asset entitlement, the Board of Directors shall give priority to citizens from the lowest-income deciles, citizens from Aspirational Districts, citizens enrolled as NFSA beneficiaries, and citizens enrolled as MGNREGA-Viksit Bharat job-card holders, in accordance with the doctrine of Antyodaya.
SECTION 20. Coordination with the Aadhaar Framework and the Unified Payments Interface.
The Authority shall coordinate with the Unique Identification Authority of India and the National Payments Corporation of India to integrate the Personal Productive Asset entitlement delivery with the Aadhaar Authentication Framework and the Unified Payments Interface (UPI). Such coordination shall comply with the data-protection requirements of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.
SECTION 21. Citizen Service Through the Civic Robot Corps.
A citizen may discharge any voluntary public-service obligation under this Act, or under any other Act of Parliament that authorises service in the Civic Robot Corps as a qualifying form of public service, by enrolling in the Civic Robot Corps and serving for the prescribed period under Section 17A.
TITLE V
THE TERMINAL CONFIGURATION
SECTION 22. Operational Self-Sufficiency.
(a) DECLARATION. When the Authority has, in the determination of the Board of Directors and with the concurrence of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, achieved the condition in which its operating revenue under Section 11 exceeds the sum of its operating expenditure plus its scheduled debt-service obligations under Section 9 for three consecutive financial years, the Authority shall declare operational self-sufficiency.
(b) CONSEQUENCES. Upon declaration of operational self-sufficiency: (1) the Productive Capacity Levy under Section 8 shall be reviewed by Parliament under the sunset provision of Section 8(e) and may, by resolution of Parliament, be reduced or terminated; (2) Union appropriations under Section 7 shall be reviewed and may, by Parliament, be reduced; and (3) the Authority shall continue its operations as a self-funded public-corporation under the operating-revenue framework of Section 11 and the Permanent Fund under Section 10.
SECTION 23. The Replication-Threshold Crossing.
(a) DEFINITION. The Authority shall be deemed to have crossed the replication threshold when the Board of Directors, with the concurrence of an independent technical committee constituted for the purpose, determines that: (1) the Authority's productive-capacity facilities are producing robotic manufacturing units that themselves participate in the construction and operation of further productive-capacity facilities, at a rate sufficient to maintain or expand the Authority's productive fleet without recourse to non-Authority robotic manufacturing imports; and (2) the unit cost of goods produced by the Authority's facilities has, on a five-year rolling average, declined to the sum of energy cost, materials cost, and amortised capital cost, with the labour cost component approaching zero on the same five-year rolling average.
(b) CONSEQUENCES. Upon crossing the replication threshold: (1) the Authority's productive-capacity output under Section 11(a) shall be expanded to cover not less than ninety per cent of the basic consumer-goods needs of every citizen of India who has claimed the Personal Productive Asset entitlement under Section 19A; (2) the Civic Robot Corps shall be reorganised under Section 17A to reflect the changed labour-input requirements of the Authority's post-replication-threshold operations; and (3) the Authority shall report annually to Parliament on the distributional effects of the replication-threshold crossing, including in particular the effects on rural employment under MGNREGA-Viksit Bharat and on NFSA beneficiary households.
SECTION 24. Free-Market Persistence and Discretionary Goods.
(a) DECLARATION. Parliament finds and declares that the public provision of basic consumer goods through the Authority is not, and is not intended to be, an exclusive substitute for the private production and sale of consumer goods at any quality or specification tier. The private market for consumer goods at the premium, luxury, specialty, and rare-substrate tiers shall continue to operate as before the commencement of this Act.
(b) NO EXCLUSIVITY. The Authority shall not exercise any exclusivity over the production or sale of any category of consumer goods, and private-sector producers shall remain free to produce, import, distribute, and sell goods in any category, subject to existing regulatory law.
(c) ENTERPRISE FREE-MARKET OPTION. Any enterprise, including an enterprise integrated with the Authority's distribution network under Section 11(a), may, at its discretion, procure robotic manufacturing units on the open market in lieu of receiving such units from the Authority. The Authority shall publish standardised technical specifications to facilitate interoperability.
SECTION 25. Periodic Review by Parliament.
Parliament shall review the operation of this Act, including the performance of the Authority, the Civic Robot Corps, and the State Productive Capacity Missions, not less than once every five years. The first such review shall be conducted not later than ten years from the commencement of this Act.
TITLE VI
GENERAL PROVISIONS, RULES, AND COMMENCEMENT
SECTION 26. Rules.
(a) RULE-MAKING POWER. The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules for carrying out the provisions of this Act.
(b) PARLIAMENTARY LAYING. Every rule made under this Act shall be laid, as soon as may be after it is made, before each House of Parliament, while it is in session, for a total period of thirty days, which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions.
SECTION 27. Power to Remove Difficulties.
If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of this Act, the Central Government may, by order published in the Official Gazette, make such provisions, not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, as appear to it to be necessary or expedient for removing the difficulty. No order shall be made under this section after the expiry of three years from the commencement of this Act. Every order made under this section shall, as soon as may be after it is made, be laid before each House of Parliament.
SECTION 28. Severability.
If any provision of this Act or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held to be invalid, the remainder of the Act and the application of such provision to persons or circumstances other than those as to which it is held invalid shall not be affected thereby.
SECTION 29. Commencement.
This Act shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint, and different dates may be appointed for different provisions of this Act. The Authority shall be established within ninety days of the commencement of this Act.
REFERENCES
PRIMARY STATUTORY AND CONSTITUTIONAL SOURCES (India):
Constitution of India, Article 246; Article 282; Article 368; Article 112; Article 148; Article 149; Article 151; the Seventh Schedule.
National Food Security Act, 2013 (No. 20 of 2013). The Gazette of India Extraordinary, Part II, Section 1, 10 September 2013.
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (No. 42 of 2005, as amended).
Telecommunications Act, 2023. Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Act, 2003.
Indian Telegraph Act, 1885. Indian Post Office Act, 1898.
Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016. Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.
The Companies Act, 2013 (No. 18 of 2013). The General Clauses Act, 1897 (No. 10 of 1897). The Citizenship Act, 1955.
Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996. Parts IX and IXA of the Constitution of India.
10 U.S.C. Section 2484 (United States Defence Commissary Agency no-profit pricing). The Postal Reorganization Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-375, United States).
UNION GOVERNMENT REPORTS AND PRESS RELEASES:
Sixteenth Finance Commission, Report for 2026-31 (Chair: Dr. Arvind Panagariya). Tabled in Parliament 1 February 2026. fincomindia.nic.in/commission-reports-sixteenth prsindia.org/policy/report-summaries/report-of-the-16th-finance- commission-for-2026-31
Press Information Bureau, "National Food Security Act and TPDS," 15 October 2025. PRID 155582.
Press Information Bureau, "MGNREGA: Building Rural Resilience," August 2025. doc2025829623501.pdf at static.pib.gov.in.
Press Information Bureau, "Universal Service Obligation Fund / Digital Bharat Nidhi," 27 November 2024. PRID 2077900.
Press Information Bureau, "Electronics manufacturing in India," 6 February 2026. PRID 2224503.
Department of Space, Government of India: Union Budget allocation documentation, indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe95.pdf.
National Investment and Infrastructure Fund Limited: niifindia.in.
Institute for Plasma Research: ipr.res.in.
PHILOSOPHICAL AND POLITICAL SOURCES:
Upadhyaya, Deendayal. Integral Humanism (Ekatma Manav Darshan). Four lectures, Bombay, 22-25 April 1965. Bharatiya Janata Party publication. bjp.org/integralhumanism.
Bharatiya Janata Party Constitution, Article 3 (basic philosophy).
INTERNATIONAL ROBOTICS AND FUSION CONTEXT:
India TV News, "Addverb Technologies showcases Made-in-India Humanoid Robot ELIXIS-W at AI Impact Summit 2026," 18 February 2026.
Robotics India, "Addverb Technologies Showcases Made-in-India Humanoid Robot ELIXIS-W," 20 February 2026.
Boston Dynamics, Atlas at Hyundai Motor Group: company press materials 2025-2026.
Tesla, Inc., Optimus production targets: company communications 2025-2026.
Apptronik, Apollo Series A funding announcement: Reuters, 11 February 2026.
Forbes, Unitree R1 pricing analysis, 27 April 2026.
The Hindu, "IPR Gandhinagar team proposes roadmap for India's fusion power plans," 24 September 2025.
THE HISTORICAL APOPLEXY FRAMEWORK:
Cooper, Imran. Historical Apoplexy, 2025-2026. The ten-paper civilisational diagnosis on which the replication-threshold concept deployed in this Act is grounded. imran.theamanuensis.com/apoplexy.