================================================================================ MONGOLIA PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY AUTHORITY AND ENERGY SECURITY ACT Scarcity is a Policy Choice Parliament of Mongolia (State Great Khural / Улсын Их Хурал), 126-Member Khural, 2026 Session Prepared by Imran Stanton Cooper, The Amanuensis Version 1. Originally drafted May 16, 2026. VERIFICATION NOTES: MONGOLIAN FISCAL AND PROGRAMME FRAMEWORK (verified 2025-2026): - Mongolia: population approximately 3.6 million (National Statistics Office of Mongolia year-end December 2025; CEIC Data); 3.5 million at year-end December 2024. Land area 1.566 million km², the world's 18th-largest country and the most sparsely populated sovereign state on Earth at approximately 2.3 persons per km². Landlocked between the Russian Federation (north) and the People's Republic of China (south). - 21 aimags (provinces) plus Ulaanbaatar capital city (with nine districts). Approximately 330 soums (districts) and 1,664 baghs (sub-districts) below the aimag level. - Currency: Mongolian Tögrög / Tugrik (MNT). - State Great Khural (Улсын Их Хурал): unicameral parliament of 126 members under the Constitutional Reform of 31 May 2023 and the mixed electoral system (78 multi-member-constituency seats + 48 proportional-representation seats), effective from the 28 June 2024 general election. - Current Prime Minister as of 2026-05: Nyam-Osoryn Uchral (elected by the State Great Khural on 30 March 2026 with 88 of 107 votes; new ministerial lineup announced 3 April 2026). - President of Mongolia: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh (Mongolian People's Party), inaugurated 25 June 2021 for a single six-year term per constitutional reform. - Constitution of Mongolia (Монгол Улсын Үндсэн хууль): adopted 13 January 1992; entered into force 12 February 1992; amended 14 November 2019 (parliamentary system strengthening) and 31 May 2023 (Khural enlargement and mixed electoral system). Article 1 declares Mongolia a sovereign, independent, democratic republic. Article 5 establishes a multi-sector economy with private property rights and state regulation in the public interest. Article 6 declares natural resources (land, subsoil, forests, water, wildlife) as the property of the state and the people. SOVEREIGN-ASSET, BANKING, AND STATE-ENTERPRISE CHASSIS (verified 2025-2026): - Chinggis Khaan Sovereign Wealth Fund (Чингис хаан Үндэсний баялгийн сан, swf.gov.mn): established under the Sovereign Wealth Fund Law in force 9 May 2024 as a three-tiered structure: (i) Future Heritage Fund (Ирээдүйн өв сан), the long-term savings and investment vehicle, holding MNT 4 trillion (approximately USD 1.2 billion) by December 2024; (ii) Development Fund, allocated to national development projects and strategic economic initiatives; (iii) Savings Fund, set aside for direct citizen benefit, accessible to all Mongolian citizens through the E-Mongolia platform, with MNT 495 billion deposited as of late 2024 (MNT 135 thousand per citizen) (operational precedent at population scale). - Erdenes Mongol LLC (erdenesmongol.mn): state-owned holding company managing Mongolia's strategic mineral assets. Subsidiaries include Erdenes Oyu Tolgoi LLC (en.eot.mn, 34 percent Mongolian stake in Oyu Tolgoi copper-gold), Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi JSC (coking coal, South Gobi), Erdenes Baganuur (coal, supplies Ulaanbaatar CHP plants), and Erdenes Shivee Ovoo (coal). Erdenes Mongol Group Strategy 2025 (issued May 2025) outlined revised operational and management structure under the Government's 2024-2028 Action Plan including 14 mega-projects. - Development Bank of Mongolia (DBM, dbm.mn): state-owned policy lender for infrastructure, industry, and strategic-sector lending. - Trade and Development Bank of Mongolia (TDB / TDBM, tdbm.mn): oldest commercial bank in Mongolia; signed a finance agreement with the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) on 30 September 2024, a first-time direct correspondence of Mongolian banking and financial institutions with the U.S. Government agency. - Bank of Mongolia (Монголбанк): the central bank of Mongolia established under the Law on the Central Bank of Mongolia. Independence preserved. Monetary policy mandate preserved. ENERGY-SECTOR CHASSIS (verified 2025-2026): - Mongolia's electricity generation: approximately 90 percent coal- fired (UNDP Mongolia, 2024-2025), dominated by Soviet-era centralised combined heat and power (CHP) plants concentrated in Ulaanbaatar. Principal generation assets: Ulaanbaatar CHP-2, CHP-3, CHP-4 (CHP-4 the largest, serving the bulk of Ulaanbaatar electricity and district heating); Darkhan CHP and Erdenet CHP (regional). - Central Energy System (CES): the principal national electricity grid operated under the Ministry of Energy. Smaller western and southern regional systems serve aimags outside the CES coverage. - Coal supplies: primarily from Baganuur and Shivee Ovoo (Erdenes Mongol subsidiaries) and from Tavan Tolgoi (Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi JSC). - Just Energy Transition Forum Mongolia (JET Forum): convened in Ulaanbaatar on 27 June 2025, bringing together public, private, and international stakeholders on the coal-to-renewables pathway. - Renewable potential: world-class wind and solar resources in the Gobi Desert and Khangai region. The Mongolian renewable build-out is constrained by the centralised coal-CHP-based heating-and- electricity coupling inherited from the Soviet era and by the Ulaanbaatar winter air-pollution context driven by coal combustion in heating-only households. DISTRIBUTION INFRASTRUCTURE (verified 2025-2026): - E-Mongolia platform (e-mongolia.mn): the Government of Mongolia unified digital-services portal. Approximately 2 million active users out of the ~3.6 million total population. The Chinggis Khaan SWF Savings Fund already distributes MNT 135 thousand per citizen directly through E-Mongolia. - National Civil ID (Иргэний бүртгэлийн дугаар, IBD): administered through the General Authority for State Registration (Улсын бүртгэлийн ерөнхий газар). - National Statistics Office of Mongolia (Үндэсний Статистикийн Хороо, 1212.mn). INDIGENOUS COOPERATIVE TRADITION (verified 2025-2026): - Pastoral cooperative tradition: pre-Chinggis steppe-confederation antecedents formalised in modern Mongolian law through the Soviet-era negdel collective-herder cooperatives (1956-1991), the post-1991 voluntary herder-cooperative reconstitution, the contemporary Pasture User Groups at the bagh and soum levels coordinated through Aimag Pasture User Committees in 13 aimags and the national Mongolian National Federation of Pasture User Groups (greenmongolia.mn) and the Mongolian Society for Range Management (msrm.mn), and the 2025 herder-law reform. CULTURAL, CONSTITUTIONAL, AND HISTORICAL ANCHORS (verified 2025-2026): - Chinggis Khaan (1162-1227): founder of the Mongol Empire, originator of the Yassa codified-law tradition, the Pax Mongolica intercontinental trade and security order, and the Ortoq merchant- association precursor of modern cooperative-investment instruments. Name carried in the sovereign wealth fund. - 1990 Democratic Revolution: peaceful democratic revolution at Sukhbaatar Square, Ulaanbaatar, December 1989 through March 1990, led by the Mongolian Democratic Union. Sanjaasürengiin Zorig led the first public demonstration on 10 December 1989 (concurrent with International Human Rights Day); hunger strike on 14 December 1989 with about 100 participants. Transition to multi- party system without violence. The 1992 Constitution is the legislative consequence. - 1921 Mongolian Revolution: independence under Damdin Sukhbaatar (whose name is carried by the central Ulaanbaatar square). - Sukhbaatar Square: the central square of Ulaanbaatar where both the 1921 and 1990 revolutions converged. - Naadam (Наадам): the Mongolian national festival held annually 11-13 July. The three "manly games" (wrestling, horse-racing, archery) anchor the festival. Natural civic-distribution anchor. - Tsagaan Sar (Цагаан Сар): the Mongolian Lunar New Year family- reaffirmation festival. - Religious freedom: Constitutional Article 9. Mongolia is predominantly Tibetan Buddhist (Yellow-Hat Gelug school anchored at the Gandantegchinlen Monastery in Ulaanbaatar) with strong shamanic continuity. UNIVERSAL FOUNDATIONAL CITATIONS APPLICABLE TO THIS BILL AND TO ALL ADAPTATIONS: A. The replication-threshold formulation in Casey Handmer's "Three robot futures" (2024) names the engineering threshold when humanoid and mobile-manipulation robotic platforms become capable of producing and assembling additional copies of themselves from raw and intermediate materials. Once that threshold is crossed, productive-capacity output ceases to be limited by human-labour supply. The Atlas / Optimus / Apollo / Digit / G1 ecosystem at the Q4 2025 through Q2 2026 inflection places the threshold within a one-to-three-year operational horizon. The Authority architecture must be in place before the threshold is crossed so that the resulting productive capacity is operated as a public-good chassis rather than absorbed entirely into private rentier structures. B. The abundance arithmetic baseline: USD 32 billion is the sufficient appropriation to end domestic hunger in the United States. USD 496 billion is the annual United States food- industry markup over production cost. 293,000 United States factories operate at approximately 77 percent capacity utilisation. Albrecht Penck's 1925 carrying-capacity estimate established the planetary-scale nutritional-headroom baseline. The United States military commissary system has operated since 1867 on an at-cost pricing model with 158 years of continuous operational evidence (DeCA, 10 U.S.C. §2484). Applied to the Mongolian population scale of approximately 3.6 million people across 1.566 million km², the commissary-at-cost model is operationally tractable but logistically demanding because of population sparsity (~2.3 persons per km²) and aimag-level distance from Ulaanbaatar. C. Hierarchy itself harms human bodies. The Whitehall studies (Michael Marmot, beginning 1967, civil-service cohort), the Serengeti baboon studies (Robert Sapolsky, decades of stress- physiology observation), the cynomolgus-macaque studies (Carol Shively, social-stratification cardiovascular research), and the telomere research (Elizabeth Blackburn, Nobel 2009): four research programmes, six decades, three species, converge on the finding that the gap is the gradient. The position within the hierarchy, not absolute material deprivation, produces measurable physiological harm. Applied to Mongolia, the urban- rural and inter-aimag stratification with wealth concentrated in Ulaanbaatar against herding-rural and informal-settlement (ger-district) populations represents a classical Marmot-pathway gradient at population scale. D. The Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) 2023 cycle documented sustained competency erosion across the participating high-income nations relative to the 2012 baseline. Mongolia is not a PIAAC participant; equivalent evidence comes from the National Statistics Office of Mongolia education surveys, the Ministry of Education and Science adult-literacy and adult-competency surveys, and the UNESCO Mongolia country reports on adult literacy and continuing education. E. The annona civica (the public-grain distribution chartered by Augustus and elaborated by his successors), the alimenta of Nerva and Trajan (the imperially funded child-support and agricultural-credit system, documented in the Tabula Alimentaria of Veleia and the Ligures Baebiani inscription), and other recurring Mediterranean-Roman and broader Eurasian public- provision instruments establish that direct provision of basic- needs goods by public authority is a recurring architecture across centuries when civilisations face the combination of agricultural-capacity headroom and political-stability requirements. Mongolia's own Yassa codified-law tradition under Chinggis Khaan and the Pax Mongolica intercontinental trade and security order provide a parallel indigenous-Mongolian precedent for the public-good-chassis logic. F. Freight-automation operational evidence: Aurora Innovation transitioned its Texas commercial route into commercial-service operation in 2024-2025 with sustained driver-out freight operation. Equivalent freight-automation evidence in the Eurasian context comes from Russian Federation and People's Republic of China autonomous-trucking deployments along the Trans-Siberian and Belt-and-Road logistics corridors. These confirm that the long-haul-trucking layer of productive-capacity logistics is operationally automatable on current technology. G. The architecture established by this Act preserves the free market in goods and services not produced by the public-good chassis. Mongolian private enterprise, foreign direct investment in the mining sector, the contemporary Ulaanbaatar service economy, the herder-livestock private-property regime, the tourism sector, and the international-trade balance with the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China continue unaffected. The Act does not nationalise private property. The Chinggis Khaan SWF and Erdenes Mongol LLC remain the state-asset chassis they already are under existing law. No state ownership of any privately held means of production is contemplated. The Act establishes a public-good production-and-distribution chassis for basic-needs goods alongside an undisturbed private market for everything else. As the bill's architect has stated in the broader work (Cooper, Historical Apoplexy 2025-2026), this is not the end of capitalism. It is capitalism's adjustment to the post-replication-threshold industrial reality, in which many basic-needs commodities exit the free market through a public-good chassis while discretionary, luxury, craft, and innovation markets continue and intensify. ================================================================================ LONG TITLE ================================================================================ A BILL FOR AN ACT to establish the Mongolia Productive Capacity Authority on the Erdenes Mongol LLC and Chinggis Khaan Sovereign Wealth Fund operational chassis pattern; to establish the Civic Robot Corps of Mongolia with a Coal-Workforce Transition Service line for workers transitioning from the Ulaanbaatar CHP-2, CHP-3, CHP-4 and Darkhan and Erdenet CHP complexes; to issue Personal Productive Asset shares to every Mongolian citizen ordinarily resident in Mongolia identified by the National Civil ID; to distribute pooled inter-aimag productive-capacity revenue annually through the E-Mongolia platform with a target distribution date of 11 July (Naadam); to elevate Energy Security as a co-equal Title coordinating with the Central Energy System, the Just Energy Transition Forum Mongolia framework, and the renewable-energy build-out in the Gobi and Khangai regions; to coordinate with the Development Bank of Mongolia and the Trade and Development Bank of Mongolia for infrastructure, industrial, and procurement finance; to preserve the Bank of Mongolia independent monetary-policy mandate; to decline any new Mongolian tax of any kind; to anchor the Authority in the natural-resource common-inheritance principle established by Article 6 of the Constitution of Mongolia and in the Mongolian state-tradition continuity from Chinggis Khaan through Damdin Sukhbaatar through the 1990 Democratic Revolution; and for connected purposes. ================================================================================ LEGISLATIVE ROUTING NOTE ================================================================================ This bill is drafted for introduction in the State Great Khural of Mongolia (Улсын Их Хурал) as a Government bill following standard Government-introduction procedure under the Law on the State Great Khural. Cabinet sponsorship is required for fiscal-impact and state-enterprise-coordination bills. Pre-introduction review by the Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Mining and Heavy Industry, and the Ministry of Energy is contemplated. Committee referral to the Standing Committee on Budget, the Standing Committee on Economic Affairs, the Standing Committee on State Structure, and the Standing Committee on Environment, Food and Agriculture is anticipated, with joint sittings as required for the cross-portfolio provisions. The Act is enacted consistent with the Constitution of Mongolia, 1992 (as amended 2019 and 2023), particularly Article 1, Article 5, Article 6, Article 9, Article 16, and Article 19. ================================================================================ TITLE I - FINDINGS AND DECLARATIONS ================================================================================ ARTICLE 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the "Mongolia Productive Capacity Authority and Energy Security Act" (Монгол Улсын Бүтээмжийн Чадавхи болон Эрчим Хүчний Аюулгүй Байдлын Тухай Хууль). ARTICLE 2. FINDINGS. The State Great Khural finds: (1) Mongolia's mineral wealth, the principal source of Mongolian state revenue, is declared by Article 6 of the Constitution to be the property of the state and the people. The Chinggis Khaan Sovereign Wealth Fund, established under the Sovereign Wealth Fund Law in force 9 May 2024, has already operationalised this constitutional principle by distributing the Savings Fund tier of MNT 135 thousand per citizen directly through the E-Mongolia platform. This Act extends the same constitutional principle to productive capacity in goods and services beyond mineral extraction. (2) Mongolia operates a multi-sector economy under Article 5 of the Constitution with private property rights and state regulation in the public interest. The Act preserves this multi-sector architecture. The Authority operates as a public-good chassis in basic-needs production and distribution alongside an undisturbed Mongolian private market for everything outside that chassis. (3) The humanoid and mobile-manipulation robotic platforms entering deployment in the Q4 2025 through Q2 2026 window (Atlas, Optimus, Apollo, Digit, G1, and the broader ecosystem) are approaching the engineering threshold at which they can produce and assemble additional copies of themselves from raw and intermediate materials. Once that replication threshold is crossed, productive-capacity output ceases to be limited by human-labour supply. The Authority architecture must be in place before the threshold is crossed so that the resulting productive capacity is operated as a public-good chassis rather than absorbed entirely into private rentier structures inaccessible to the ordinary Mongolian citizen. (4) The Erdenes Mongol LLC corporate chassis under the Companies Law of Mongolia, the Sovereign Wealth Fund Law of 9 May 2024, and the broader state-enterprise-coordination framework provide the operational pattern the Authority inherits. The Authority does not require new institutional invention; it applies an existing Mongolian institutional pattern to the new productive- capacity domain. (5) Mongolia's electricity generation, approximately 90 percent coal-fired (UNDP Mongolia, 2024-2025), is dominated by the Soviet-era centralised combined heat and power (CHP) plants concentrated in Ulaanbaatar (CHP-2, CHP-3, CHP-4) and by regional CHPs in Darkhan and Erdenet. The Ulaanbaatar winter air-pollution context, driven primarily by coal combustion in heating-only households outside CHP coverage, presents a sustained public-health and economic problem. (6) The Just Energy Transition Forum Mongolia (JET Forum) convened in Ulaanbaatar on 27 June 2025 brought together public, private, and international stakeholders on the coal-to-renewables pathway. The Authority and its Civic Robot Corps shall coordinate with the JET Forum framework, the Ministry of Energy, and the relevant state and private utilities on a Coal-Workforce Transition Service line for workers transitioning from the Ulaanbaatar CHP-2, CHP-3, CHP-4 and Darkhan and Erdenet CHP complexes, paralleling the Mpumalanga Just Transition Service in the South African adaptation and the Niger Delta Just Transition Service in the Nigerian adaptation. (7) The Gobi Desert and Khangai region carry world-class wind and solar resources that have not been built out at scale because of the centralised coal-CHP heating-and-electricity coupling. The Authority's Civic Robot Corps deployment in renewable- energy build-out, transmission-line construction, and Ulaanbaatar district-heating decoupling represents the operational labour layer the Mongolian energy transition has been missing. (8) The pastoral cooperative tradition is one of the longest- surviving continuous cooperative-economic structures on Earth. The contemporary Pasture User Group system at the bagh and soum levels, the Mongolian National Federation of Pasture User Groups, the Mongolian Society for Range Management, the Aimag Pasture User Committees, the 2025 herder-law reform establishing multi-tiered associations, and the inherited negdel-era institutional memory provide a Mongolian indigenous- cooperative chassis through which the Authority extends Personal Productive Asset distribution and Civic Robot Corps operations into rural areas beyond conventional administrative-network coverage. (9) The E-Mongolia platform (e-mongolia.mn) and the National Civil ID administered by the General Authority for State Registration provide the unified digital chassis for Personal Productive Asset enrolment, annual Productive Capacity Dividend distribution, and Authority-citizen interface, without requiring construction of new administrative infrastructure. (10) The Mongolian herder-pastoralist tradition has sustained the Mongolian nation across three millennia of continuous occupation of the steppe. The Authority is structured to support rather than displace the herder family economy, the multi-generational ger-household structure, the Tsagaan Sar family-reaffirmation tradition, and the cooperative-livestock economic base. (11) The Authority imposes no new Mongolian personal income tax, no new corporate income tax, no new value-added tax, no new customs duty, no new excise duty, no new mining royalty, and no new state tax of any kind. Funding is drawn from existing Chinggis Khaan SWF Development Fund coordination, existing Erdenes Mongol LLC dividend-and-revenue distribution framework, existing Development Bank of Mongolia policy-lending authority, existing Trade and Development Bank of Mongolia commercial- finance capacity, and existing Government appropriation authority through the State Great Khural annual budget process. (12) The Mongolian state-tradition continuity from Chinggis Khaan through the Yassa codified-law order, through the Pax Mongolica intercontinental trade and security architecture, through Damdin Sukhbaatar and the 1921 revolution, through the 1990 Democratic Revolution at Sukhbaatar Square, and through the 1992 Constitution, provides the deepest available philosophical anchor for the Authority. The Authority is a Mongolian institutional adaptation of a Mongolian institutional tradition. ARTICLE 3. DECLARATIONS. The State Great Khural declares: (1) Every Mongolian citizen ordinarily resident in Mongolia is entitled to a Personal Productive Asset share issued by the Authority, identified by the National Civil ID administered by the General Authority for State Registration, authenticated through the E-Mongolia platform, and credited annually with the citizen's pro-rata distribution of pooled inter-aimag productive-capacity revenue under Article 12 below. (2) The Authority operates as a public-good production-and- distribution chassis. The Authority does not nationalise privately held Mongolian enterprise, does not displace the Mongolian private retail or service sector for non-Programme goods, does not restrict the Mongolian free market for discretionary, luxury, craft, or innovation goods, does not interfere with the herder-livestock private-property regime, the tourism sector, the international-trade balance with the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, or the foreign-direct-investment regime in the mining sector. The Authority operates alongside the existing private market, not in place of it. (3) The Authority operates in addition to and without replacement of existing Mongolian social-assistance programmes under the Social Welfare Law, existing Universal Health Insurance benefits, existing education-sector benefits, and existing pension benefits. Existing Mongolian institutions are wholly preserved. (4) The Authority inherits and respects the Mongolian herder- pastoralist tradition, the Pasture User Group system, the Mongolian National Federation of Pasture User Groups, the Mongolian Society for Range Management, the Mongolian Red Cross Society, the Buddhist monastic charitable network anchored at the Gandantegchinlen Monastery, and other existing Mongolian cooperative, charitable, and faith-based partners. Coordination, not replacement. (5) The Authority target distribution date is 11 July (Naadam, the national festival), the natural civic-distribution anchor in the Mongolian calendar. ================================================================================ TITLE II - ESTABLISHMENT AND GOVERNANCE ================================================================================ ARTICLE 4. ESTABLISHMENT. (1) There is hereby established a state-owned company to be known as the "Mongolia Productive Capacity Authority" (Монгол Улсын Бүтээмжийн Чадавхийн Газар) (the "Authority" or "MPCA"). (2) The Authority is incorporated under the Companies Law of Mongolia as a state-owned joint-stock company wholly owned by the Government of Mongolia, on the operational chassis pattern that already governs Erdenes Mongol LLC and its subsidiaries. (3) The shareholder representative is the Minister of Finance of Mongolia, acting in concurrence with the Minister of Mining and Heavy Industry, the Minister of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry, the Minister of Labour and Social Protection, and the Minister of Energy. ARTICLE 5. BOARD OF DIRECTORS. (1) The Authority is governed by a Board of Directors of thirteen members: (a) Three members nominated by the Cabinet (one each from the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Mining and Heavy Industry, and the Ministry of Energy); (b) Three members nominated by the State Great Khural (one each from the Standing Committee on Budget, the Standing Committee on Economic Affairs, and the Standing Committee on Environment, Food and Agriculture); (c) One member nominated by the Chinggis Khaan Sovereign Wealth Fund Board, providing the institutional linkage with the existing Mongolian sovereign-asset chassis; (d) One member nominated by the Erdenes Mongol LLC Board, providing the institutional linkage with the existing Mongolian state-mining chassis; (e) One member nominated by the Development Bank of Mongolia Board, providing the institutional linkage with the Mongolian policy-lending chassis; (f) One member nominated jointly by the Mongolian National Federation of Pasture User Groups and the Mongolian Society for Range Management, providing the institutional linkage with the Mongolian indigenous-cooperative pastoral tradition; (g) One member nominated jointly by the Confederation of Mongolian Trade Unions and other recognised Mongolian organised-labour federations acting collectively; (h) Two members appointed by the President of Mongolia representing the broader Mongolian civic interest, including provision for at least one member with deep herder-rural experience and at least one member with deep Ulaanbaatar ger-district experience. (2) Board members serve five-year staggered terms with two-term limits. Board membership composition shall preserve the multi-sector representation contemplated in subsection (1) across all rotation cycles. ARTICLE 6. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. (1) The Authority is operationally managed by an Executive Committee of seven members: (a) Chief Executive Officer, appointed by the Board with Cabinet concurrence; (b) Chief Financial Officer; (c) Chief Operating Officer; (d) Deputy CEO for the Civic Robot Corps; (e) Deputy CEO for the State Delivery Units; (f) Deputy CEO for Energy Security; (g) Deputy CEO for International Coordination and Multilateral Partner Relations. (2) Executive Committee members serve at the pleasure of the Board subject to standard Mongolian state-enterprise corporate- governance practice. ARTICLE 7. ACCOUNTABILITY. (1) The Authority reports annually to the State Great Khural, with referral to the Standing Committee on Budget, the Standing Committee on Economic Affairs, and the Standing Committee on State Structure. (2) The State Audit Office of Mongolia conducts annual verification audits of Authority expenditure, the Civic Robot Corps service- line operational outturn, the Personal Productive Asset enrolment and distribution integrity, the at-cost pricing methodology, and Authority coordination-agreement performance. Findings are published in the State Audit Office annual report. (3) The Constitutional Court (Цэц / Tsets) preserves constitutional- review jurisdiction over Authority operations. ================================================================================ TITLE III - PERSONAL PRODUCTIVE ASSET ENTITLEMENT ================================================================================ ARTICLE 8. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ENTITLEMENT. (1) The Authority shall issue to every Mongolian citizen ordinarily resident in Mongolia a non-transferable Personal Productive Asset share, identified by the National Civil ID administered by the General Authority for State Registration and registered through the E-Mongolia platform. (2) The Personal Productive Asset share entitles the citizen- shareholder to: (a) An annual pro-rata distribution of pooled inter-aimag productive-capacity revenue under Article 12 below, credited on 11 July (Naadam) or the next operational banking day; (b) Access to the Civic Robot Corps service catalogue at the at-cost prices established under Articles 17 and 18 below; (c) Eligibility to apply for Civic Robot Corps employment positions under Article 19 below; (d) Coordination with the Programme established under the sibling Mongolia Food, Resource, and Commodity Assurance Act for at-cost basic-needs goods purchase. (3) The Personal Productive Asset share is non-transferable, non-assignable, non-mortgageable, and non-inheritable independent of citizenship. The share extinguishes upon voluntary renunciation of Mongolian citizenship and reattaches upon reacquisition. The share is not an asset in any creditor- realisation sense. ARTICLE 9. ENROLMENT. (1) Initial enrolment proceeds automatically from the existing National Civil ID registration. No application is required. No additional eligibility test. No income test. No means test. No work-status test. (2) Births, naturalisations, and changes of ordinary residence update the enrolment record automatically through the General Authority for State Registration in coordination with the E-Mongolia platform. (3) The Authority publishes annual enrolment statistics disaggregated by aimag and by Ulaanbaatar district through the National Statistics Office of Mongolia. ARTICLE 10. REFUGEES AND LAWFUL RESIDENTS. Refugees and persons granted residence status under the Mongolian law on the legal status of foreign citizens are eligible for the Personal Productive Asset share on the same basis as Mongolian citizens for the duration of their lawful residence. ================================================================================ TITLE IV - STATE DELIVERY UNIT ARCHITECTURE ================================================================================ ARTICLE 11. STATE DELIVERY UNITS. (1) The Authority shall establish a State Delivery Unit in each of the 21 aimags (Arkhangai, Bayan-Ölgii, Bayankhongor, Bulgan, Darkhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Govi-Altai, Govisümber, Khentii, Khovd, Khövsgöl, Ömnögovi, Orkhon, Övörkhangai, Selenge, Sükhbaatar, Töv, Uvs, Zavkhan) and in Ulaanbaatar capital city, for a total of 22 State Delivery Units. (2) Each State Delivery Unit is administered by a State Director appointed by the Authority Board in concurrence with the Governor of the aimag (or the Mayor of Ulaanbaatar in the case of the Ulaanbaatar Delivery Unit). (3) Priority deployment of Civic Robot Corps facilities is targeted to: (a) The Ulaanbaatar capital city and its nine districts (the principal urban-population concentration and the manufacturing, service-economy, and transit hub), with particular priority for the ger-districts surrounding the central core; (b) The South Gobi mining belt (Ömnögovi aimag) where the Oyu Tolgoi and Tavan Tolgoi operations have generated substantial in-migration and require Authority-coordinated productive-capacity support; (c) The western aimags (Bayan-Ölgii, Khovd, Uvs, Govi-Altai, Zavkhan) including the Kazakh-minority cultural community in Bayan-Ölgii, with explicit cultural-linguistic operational continuity in the Kazakh language at the bagh level within Bayan-Ölgii; (d) The northern aimags (Khövsgöl, Selenge, Bulgan, Darkhan- Uul) including the Darkhan and Erdenet CHP coal-region workforce-transition priority recruitment under Article 19(b) below; (e) The central aimags (Töv, Khentii, Övörkhangai, Arkhangai, Bayankhongor, Dundgovi, Govisümber, Sükhbaatar, Dornod, Dornogovi) where the herder-pastoralist economy is the dominant household-economic structure and where the Pasture User Group delivery partnership provides operational distribution at bagh level. (4) Sub-aimag operational presence at the soum and bagh level is rolled out in phased deployment under Title VII below in coordination with the relevant Pasture User Groups and the soum and bagh administrations. ARTICLE 12. INTER-AIMAG REVENUE POOLING. (1) Productive-capacity revenue generated by the Civic Robot Corps operations across all 22 State Delivery Units is pooled at Authority level and distributed annually on the following basis: (a) Twenty-five percent (25%) retained at Authority level for reinvestment in Civic Robot Corps capital, the State Delivery Unit infrastructure layer, Coal-Workforce Transition Service operations, and Authority overhead; (b) Seventy-five percent (75%) distributed pro-rata to every Personal Productive Asset shareholder as the annual Productive Capacity Dividend, credited on 11 July (Naadam) or the next operational banking day. (2) The Productive Capacity Dividend is credited to the shareholder's nominated Bank-of-Mongolia-licensed Mongolian bank account or to the shareholder's E-Mongolia Savings Fund account, at the shareholder's election authenticated through the E-Mongolia platform. (3) The Productive Capacity Dividend is reported separately on the shareholder's National Statistics Office household-income record for transparency. The Dividend is not subject to any new Mongolian tax established by this Act; existing tax treatment under existing Mongolian tax law applies. ================================================================================ TITLE V - CIVIC ROBOT CORPS OF MONGOLIA ================================================================================ ARTICLE 13. ESTABLISHMENT. (1) There is hereby established within the Authority a public-good labour body to be known as the "Civic Robot Corps of Mongolia" (Монгол Улсын Иргэний Робот Корпус) ("CRC-M" or "the Corps"). (2) The Corps operates replication-threshold robotic manufacturing equipment for at-cost basic-needs goods production and other service lines specified in Article 14 below, integrating human workforce and humanoid and mobile-manipulation robotic platforms. ARTICLE 14. SERVICE LINES. The Corps shall operate: (a) At-cost goods production and distribution, coordinating with the Mongolia Food, Resource, and Commodity Assurance Programme under the sibling Mongolia Food, Resource, and Commodity Assurance Act, and with the Mongolian Red Cross Society + the Buddhist monastic charitable network anchored at the Gandantegchinlen Monastery + Mongol Post + Pasture User Group networks for delivery partnership at the bagh and soum level; (b) Coal-Workforce Transition Service: priority recruitment for workers transitioning from the Ulaanbaatar CHP-2, CHP-3, CHP-4 complexes and the Darkhan and Erdenet CHP complexes under the Just Energy Transition Forum Mongolia framework coordinated with the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection, the Ministry of Mining and Heavy Industry, the Confederation of Mongolian Trade Unions, the relevant aimag Governors, and the affected local Citizens' Representatives Khurals (Article 19(b) below); (c) Rural and remote-area distribution, coordinating with Mongol Post where it retains branch presence, with the Mongolian Armed Forces strategic-reserve logistics capability, with the aimag road authorities, and with the Pasture User Groups for bagh-level last-mile distribution under Mongolia's population- sparsity context; (d) Coordination with the Development Bank of Mongolia and the Ministry of Mining and Heavy Industry on Mongolian-built humanoid-robotic-platform manufacturing capability development and downstream deployment, including coordination with the Mongolian National University of Science and Technology and the Mongolian University of Life Sciences for engineering and agricultural-mechanisation curriculum; (e) Healthcare-supply-chain logistics coordination with the Ministry of Health, the Health Insurance General Office, the National Centre for Mental Health, the National Cancer Centre, and the aimag-level General Hospitals (Нэгдсэн эмнэлэг); (f) Energy-sector deployment coordination with the Ministry of Energy, the Central Energy System, the Mongolian Energy Regulatory Commission, and the JET Forum framework, including Civic Robot Corps deployment in renewable-energy build-out in the Gobi Desert and Khangai region, transmission-line construction, and Ulaanbaatar district-heating decoupling (see Title VI); (g) Civil-defence and disaster-response logistics coordination with the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA, Онцгой байдлын ерөнхий газар) and the Mongolian Armed Forces given Mongolian exposure to severe-winter (dzud) livestock-loss events, Gobi-region drought, summer flash flooding, and the landlocked-between-Russia-and-China security context; (h) Strategic reserve management coordination with the Mongolian Armed Forces for national strategic reserves of basic-needs goods distributed across the 22 State Delivery Unit geographic coverage area; (i) Cooperative coordination with Mongolian agricultural cooperatives, the Pasture User Group system under the Pasture Law of Mongolia and the 2025 herder-law reform, consumer cooperatives, and Mongolian thrift and credit associations, for community-scale at-cost distribution in soums and baghs where other distribution channels are uneven. ARTICLE 15. HUMAN WORKFORCE. (1) The Corps employs a human workforce of Mongolian ordinarily- resident persons, with jurisdictional preference and explicit Coal-Workforce Transition Service recruitment priority under Finding 6 and Article 19(b) below. (2) The Corps shall: (a) Maintain a wage floor of 120 percent of the Mongolian national minimum wage (as adjusted by the National Tripartite Committee on Labour and Social Consensus and the Cabinet resolutions adjusting the minimum-wage rate); (b) Provide statutory contributions under the Social Insurance Law of Mongolia (administered by the Social Insurance General Office), the Universal Health Insurance Law (administered by the Health Insurance General Office), and the relevant occupational-safety, employment-injury, and unemployment-insurance statutes; (c) Coordinate with the Mongolian National University of Science and Technology, the Mongolian University of Life Sciences, the Mongolian University of Education, the Polytechnic Colleges, and the vocational-education infrastructure for apprenticeship pipelines and continuing- education arrangements; (d) Provide explicit pathways from Corps employment to the Mongolian Civil Service, the Mongolian Armed Forces, the aimag-level civil service, the Ulaanbaatar district-level civil service, and Mongolian state-enterprise employment; (e) Honour the existing trade-union framework under the Labour Law of Mongolia and recognise Corps-organising trade unions affiliated with the Confederation of Mongolian Trade Unions and other recognised Mongolian organised- labour federations. ================================================================================ TITLE VI - ENERGY SECURITY AND COAL-WORKFORCE TRANSITION COORDINATION ================================================================================ ARTICLE 16. ENERGY SECURITY AS A CO-EQUAL MANDATE. The State Great Khural declares that ENERGY SECURITY of Mongolia is a co-equal Title of the Authority's mandate alongside productive capacity and the Civic Robot Corps. The structural reasons are: (a) Mongolia's electricity generation, approximately 90 percent coal-fired and dominated by Soviet-era centralised CHP plants, represents the largest single sectoral inheritance from the pre-1990 industrial-development era. The Authority is coordinated with the post-1990 modernisation architecture from inception. (b) The Ulaanbaatar winter air-pollution context, driven primarily by coal combustion in heating-only households outside CHP coverage in the ger-districts, presents a sustained public- health and economic problem the Authority's Civic Robot Corps deployment in district-heating decoupling and household-scale cleaner-heating retrofit can directly address. (c) The Just Energy Transition Forum Mongolia framework, convened 27 June 2025 in Ulaanbaatar, requires structured Mongolian workforce-absorption instruments at the scale of the workforce involved in the coal-CHP, coal-mining, and coal-distribution sectors. (d) The Gobi Desert and Khangai region wind and solar resources require Mongolian Civic Robot Corps deployment in build-out, operation, and maintenance at the aimag and soum level coordinated with the relevant private and state-enterprise developers and the Central Energy System. ARTICLE 17. CENTRAL ENERGY SYSTEM COORDINATION. (1) The Authority, the Ministry of Energy, the Central Energy System operator, the Ulaanbaatar CHP-2, CHP-3, CHP-4 operators, the Darkhan CHP operator, the Erdenet CHP operator, and the Mongolian Energy Regulatory Commission shall enter Coordination Agreements within twelve months of the establishment of the Authority, providing for: (a) Corps-operated deployment and maintenance services for the Central Energy System grid and the CHP plant operating layer; (b) Authority preference for procurement of long-term electricity from renewable-energy build-outs for Authority- operated productive-capacity facilities, providing Mongolian renewable-energy developers with anchor-offtake commitment supporting capacity-expansion planning in the Gobi and Khangai regions; (c) Coordination on the coal-to-renewables transition under the Just Energy Transition Forum Mongolia framework; (d) Coordination on the metering, distribution-modernisation, and district-heating decoupling rollout in Ulaanbaatar ger-districts. (2) The Authority does not direct, control, or modify Ministry of Energy, Central Energy System, CHP, renewable-energy developer, or Mongolian Energy Regulatory Commission operations. ARTICLE 18. AUTHORITY AT-COST CIVIC ROBOT CORPS SERVICE PRICING. (1) Civic Robot Corps service lines outside the goods catalogue of the sibling Mongolia Food, Resource, and Commodity Assurance Act (including Article 14(b) Coal-Workforce Transition Service output, Article 14(c) rural-distribution services, Article 14(e) healthcare-supply-chain logistics, Article 14(f) energy- sector deployment services) are priced at the Authority at-cost rate calculated as the sum of: (a) Verified operational cost (labour, materials, equipment amortisation, energy); (b) Verified administrative-recovery markup of not more than four percent (4%); (c) No profit margin. No private intermediary markup. (2) Coordination Agreements with third-party recipients of Corps services (state utilities, private renewable-energy developers, aimag and Ulaanbaatar district administrations, multilateral development partners) establish the at-cost rate structure on a service-line-specific basis, audited annually by the State Audit Office of Mongolia. ARTICLE 19. COAL-WORKFORCE TRANSITION SERVICE. (1) The Authority shall coordinate with the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection, the Ministry of Mining and Heavy Industry, the Confederation of Mongolian Trade Unions and other recognised organised-labour federations, the Ulaanbaatar Mayor, the Darkhan-Uul aimag Governor, the Orkhon aimag Governor (Erdenet), and the affected local Citizens' Representatives Khurals on: (a) Priority absorption of post-coal-CHP and broader post- extractive workforce-transition workers into Corps service per Article 19(b); (b) Coal-Workforce Transition Service line recruitment priority for workers transitioning from the Ulaanbaatar CHP-2, CHP-3, CHP-4 complexes, the Darkhan CHP, the Erdenet CHP, and the Baganuur and Shivee Ovoo coal-mining operations under the Just Energy Transition Forum Mongolia coal-phase-down trajectory; (c) Coordination with the Mongolian National University of Science and Technology and the Polytechnic Colleges for skilled-workforce reskilling under multilateral development-partner programmes (Asian Development Bank, World Bank, KfW, JICA, KOICA); (d) Continuation of wage-floor maintenance at 120 percent of the national minimum wage per Article 15(2)(a) during the transition period for any transitioning coal-sector worker who elects Corps service. ARTICLE 20. STRATEGIC RESERVES. (1) The Authority shall maintain strategic reserves of basic-needs goods distributed across the 22 State Delivery Unit geographic coverage area, sufficient to support Mongolian resilience consistent with the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) planning and the Mongolian Armed Forces civil-defence framework. (2) Strategic reserves are managed jointly with the Mongolian Armed Forces, NEMA, the State Reserve Agency, the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry, and the aimag-level Emergency Management Departments, with particular attention to severe-winter (dzud) preparedness and Gobi-region drought preparedness. ================================================================================ TITLE VII - IMPLEMENTATION PHASES ================================================================================ ARTICLE 21. FOUR-PHASE IMPLEMENTATION. PHASE I - ESTABLISHMENT (Months 0-12). Authority incorporated as a state-owned joint-stock company under the Companies Law of Mongolia on the Erdenes Mongol LLC chassis pattern; Board of Directors and Executive Committee appointed; 22 State Delivery Units seated (21 aimag-level + Ulaanbaatar); Personal Productive Asset shares issued via the National Civil ID + E-Mongolia + General Authority for State Registration infrastructure; Chinggis Khaan SWF + Erdenes Mongol + DBM + TDB Coordination Agreements signed; Coal-Workforce Transition Service framework agreements signed with the Ministry of Energy, the relevant CHP operators, and the Confederation of Mongolian Trade Unions. PHASE II - INITIAL CORPS OPERATIONS (Months 12-36). Civic Robot Corps of Mongolia commences operations in the priority State Delivery Units (Ulaanbaatar nine districts + Ömnögovi mining belt + Darkhan-Uul and Orkhon CHP coal-region priority + Bayan-Ölgii and other western-aimag priority); Coordination Agreements signed with the Central Energy System operator, the CHP operators, the Mongolian Energy Regulatory Commission, and the Just Energy Transition Forum framework; multilateral development-partner coordination operational; DBM + Chinggis Khaan SWF Development Fund up to MNT 250 billion drawn. PHASE III - MONGOLIA-WIDE OPERATIONS (Months 36-72). Corps operations extend to all 21 aimags + Ulaanbaatar and to a phased rollout across the approximately 330 soums and 1,664 baghs; strategic reserves at scale; annual Productive Capacity Dividend in regular distribution on 11 July (Naadam); renewable-energy build- out coordination in the Gobi and Khangai regions operational under the Coordination Agreements with the Central Energy System and the relevant developers. PHASE IV - STEADY-STATE OPERATING POSTURE (Month 72 onward). Authority reaches steady-state. No sunset. ================================================================================ TITLE VIII - GENERAL PROVISIONS ================================================================================ ARTICLE 22. NO NEW TAX. (1) Nothing in this Act establishes any new Mongolian personal income tax, corporate income tax, value-added tax, customs duty, excise duty, mining royalty, or other state tax. No existing tax is increased by this Act. (2) The Authority is funded through the State Budget appropriations process under Article 23, the Chinggis Khaan SWF Development Fund coordination under Article 24, the Erdenes Mongol LLC dividend-and-revenue distribution framework under Article 24, the Development Bank of Mongolia policy-lending authority under Article 24, the Trade and Development Bank of Mongolia commercial-finance authority under Article 24, the at-cost administrative-recovery markup established in Article 18, and multilateral and bilateral development-partner coordination under Article 25. ARTICLE 23. INITIAL APPROPRIATION. (1) MNT 200 billion is appropriated from the State Budget of Mongolia for the fiscal year 2027 to the Authority for establishment, initial Civic Robot Corps capital, initial State Delivery Unit infrastructure, initial Coal-Workforce Transition Service framework, Personal Productive Asset enrolment infrastructure, and Authority launch costs. (2) This appropriation is made from existing State Budget revenue. No new tax is established by this Act. ARTICLE 24. STATE-ENTERPRISE AND BANKING COORDINATION. (1) The Chinggis Khaan Sovereign Wealth Fund, acting through its Development Fund and consistent with its governance under the Sovereign Wealth Fund Law of 9 May 2024, may coordinate up to MNT 500 billion of Development Fund allocation toward Authority infrastructure (Civic Robot Corps capital, State Delivery Unit facilities, renewable-energy build-out coordination), upon Board approval and subject to Khural appropriations process oversight. (2) Erdenes Mongol LLC, acting through its existing intergovernmental dividend-and-revenue distribution framework, may coordinate state-mining revenue allocation toward Authority funding consistent with the existing Sovereign Wealth Fund Law allocation rules. (3) The Development Bank of Mongolia (DBM) may extend up to MNT 400 billion in policy-lending to the Authority for capital- intensive infrastructure including Civic Robot Corps facilities, renewable-energy transmission-line construction, aimag-level storage and distribution facilities, and procurement-finance facilities, consistent with DBM's statutory mandate. (4) The Trade and Development Bank of Mongolia (TDB), in its commercial-finance capacity, may provide trade-finance, working-capital, and inbound-procurement-finance facilities to the Authority on commercial terms consistent with its September 2024 finance agreement with the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) and with its broader commercial-banking operations. (5) Total combined Chinggis Khaan SWF + Erdenes Mongol + DBM + TDB coordination capacity is up to MNT 1.1 trillion cumulative outstanding, subject to standard Mongolian state-enterprise governance and Bank of Mongolia prudential supervision. (6) The Bank of Mongolia (Монголбанк) maintains its independent monetary-policy mandate. Nothing in this Act directs, modifies, or constrains the central-bank function. ARTICLE 25. MULTILATERAL AND BILATERAL DEVELOPMENT-PARTNER COORDINATION. (1) The Authority coordinates with existing multilateral and bilateral development partners active in Mongolia, including the Asian Development Bank (Mongolia Resident Mission), the World Bank (Mongolia country office), the United Nations Development Programme Mongolia, the Food and Agriculture Organization Mongolia, the World Food Programme Mongolia, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Mongolia, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC, on the September 2024 TDB framework basis), and the bilateral cooperation programmes of the Government of Japan (JICA), the Government of Germany (GIZ + KfW), the Government of the Republic of Korea (KOICA), the Government of the United States (USAID + DFC), the Government of the United Kingdom, the Government of the Russian Federation, and the Government of the People's Republic of China. (2) Coordination shall preserve the existing partnership relationships and the existing project pipelines of the multilateral and bilateral partners. The Authority does not displace, absorb, or replace these existing relationships; it complements and integrates with them. ARTICLE 26. PRESERVATION OF INSTITUTIONS. The Bank of Mongolia (Constitution Article 41 derivative independence preserved by the Law on the Central Bank of Mongolia), the Chinggis Khaan Sovereign Wealth Fund, Erdenes Mongol LLC, the Development Bank of Mongolia, the Trade and Development Bank of Mongolia, the Ministry of Energy, the Central Energy System operator, the Mongolian Energy Regulatory Commission, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Mining and Heavy Industry, the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry, the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Education and Science, the Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs, the General Authority for State Registration, the National Statistics Office of Mongolia, the State Audit Office of Mongolia, the National Emergency Management Agency, Mongol Post, the Mongolian Armed Forces, the Mongolian National Police Agency, the State Great Khural, the Government of Mongolia, the President of Mongolia, the Constitutional Court (Цэц), the Supreme Court of Mongolia, every aimag Citizens' Representatives Khural and Governor, every soum and bagh authority, the Mayor of Ulaanbaatar and the nine Ulaanbaatar district administrations, and every other Mongolian state and constitutional institution are wholly preserved. ARTICLE 27. CITIZEN OVERSIGHT. (1) Each aimag Governor and the Mayor of Ulaanbaatar establishes a Citizen Oversight Council for the Authority operations in their jurisdiction. Each Council includes representatives from local Pasture User Groups (in pastoral aimags), local Mongolian Red Cross Society chapters, local Buddhist monastic representatives, local Kazakh-minority cultural representatives (in Bayan-Ölgii aimag), local consumer cooperatives, local chambers of commerce, local trade-union representatives, and ordinary citizen-shareholder representatives. (2) Citizen Oversight Council findings are reported to the Authority Board and to the relevant aimag Governor or the Mayor of Ulaanbaatar. Material findings are referred to the Minister of Finance acting as shareholder representative and to the Standing Committee on State Structure of the State Great Khural. ARTICLE 28. EFFECTIVE DATE. (1) Articles 1 (Short Title), 3 (Declarations), and 30 (Effective Date and Interpretation provisions) take effect on the date this Act receives presidential assent and is published in the State Bulletin of Mongolia (Төрийн мэдээлэл). (2) Remaining provisions take effect on 1 April 2027. ARTICLE 29. SEVERABILITY. If any provision of this Act is held invalid by the Constitutional Court (Цэц) or by the Supreme Court of Mongolia, the invalidity does not affect other provisions that can be given effect. ARTICLE 30. CONSTITUTIONAL CONSISTENCY AND INTERPRETATION. (1) This Act is enacted consistent with the Constitution of Mongolia, 1992 (as amended 2019 and 2023), particularly Article 1 (sovereign, independent, democratic republic), Article 5 (multi-sector economy with private property rights and state regulation in the public interest), Article 6 (natural resources as the property of the state and the people), Article 9 (religious freedom), Article 16 (fundamental rights), and Article 19 (state duty to ensure protection of fundamental rights); and with the Sovereign Wealth Fund Law (in force 9 May 2024), the Companies Law of Mongolia, the Law on the State Great Khural, the Law on the Development Bank of Mongolia, the Law on the Central Bank of Mongolia, the Budget Law of Mongolia, the Public Procurement Law of Mongolia, the Pasture Law of Mongolia (and the 2025 herder-law reform), the Social Insurance Law of Mongolia, the Universal Health Insurance Law of Mongolia, the Labour Law of Mongolia, and the Law on State and Local Property of Mongolia. (2) In this Act: "the Authority" or "MPCA" means the Mongolia Productive Capacity Authority established under Article 4; "the Corps" or "CRC-M" means the Civic Robot Corps of Mongolia established under Article 13; "the National Civil ID" or "IBD" means the Иргэний бүртгэлийн дугаар issued by the General Authority for State Registration; "E-Mongolia" means the Government of Mongolia unified digital- services portal at e-mongolia.mn; "the Chinggis Khaan SWF" or "the Sovereign Wealth Fund" means the Chinggis Khaan Sovereign Wealth Fund established under the Sovereign Wealth Fund Law of 9 May 2024; "Erdenes Mongol" or "Erdenes Mongol LLC" means the state-owned holding company managing Mongolia's strategic mineral assets; "DBM" means the Development Bank of Mongolia; "TDB" or "TDBM" means the Trade and Development Bank of Mongolia; "Bank of Mongolia" or "Монголбанк" means the central bank of Mongolia; "the Central Energy System" or "CES" means the principal national electricity grid operated under the Ministry of Energy; "CHP" means a combined heat and power plant; "the JET Forum" means the Just Energy Transition Forum Mongolia framework convened in Ulaanbaatar on 27 June 2025 and its continuing successor process; "the Mongolian Energy Regulatory Commission" means the independent regulatory body established under the Energy Law of Mongolia; "Naadam" means the Mongolian national festival held annually 11-13 July; "Tsagaan Sar" means the Mongolian Lunar New Year family- reaffirmation festival; "Pasture User Group" or "PUG" means a herder cooperative operating under the Pasture Law of Mongolia and the 2025 herder-law reform; "aimag" means a Mongolian province (21 in total); "Ulaanbaatar capital city" means the capital-city first-level administrative unit comprising nine districts; "soum" means a district at the second-level subnational administrative tier; "bagh" means a sub-district at the third-level subnational administrative tier; "ger" and "ger-district" carry the meanings given in Mongolian civil and urban-planning practice; "dzud" means the periodic severe-winter livestock-loss event; "the Marmot quartet" means the four research programmes identified in Universal Foundational Citation C above (Marmot Whitehall, Sapolsky Serengeti baboons, Shively cynomolgus macaques, Blackburn telomere research); "the replication threshold" means the Casey Handmer formulation identified in Universal Foundational Citation A above; "ordinarily resident" has the meaning given by Mongolian law on civil registration and immigration as administered by the General Authority for State Registration. ================================================================================ - END - ================================================================================