Oregon Food, Resource, and Commodity Assurance Act — Ballot Language

OREGON FOOD, RESOURCE, AND COMMODITY ASSURANCE ACT

Filed with the Oregon Secretary of State Prepared for the Attorney General of the State of Oregon

Signature Requirement: 117,173 valid signatures (Six percent of total votes cast for all candidates for the office of Governor at the November 8, 2022 general election, which totaled approximately 1,952,886)

Oregon was the first state in the nation to adopt the citizen initiative process (1902). William S. U'Ren and the Direct Legislation League created the Oregon System — the model that every other initiative state copied. This petition uses the process Oregon invented for the purpose Oregon's democratic tradition demands.

BALLOT TITLE

SHALL THE PEOPLE OF OREGON ESTABLISH THE OREGON FOOD, RESOURCE, AND COMMODITY ASSURANCE ACT, AND, IN CONNECTION THEREWITH:

    (1) CREATING AN OREGON FOOD ASSURANCE PROGRAM OPERATED BY THE
    DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TO SELL GROCERY PRODUCTS AT AT-COST
    PRICING TO ALL OREGON RESIDENTS THROUGH STATE-OPERATED FOOD
    ASSURANCE CENTERS, WITH NOT FEWER THAN FIVE PILOT CENTERS WITHIN
    TWO YEARS AND TWENTY CENTERS STATEWIDE WITHIN FIVE YEARS, MODELED
    ON THE 157-YEAR MILITARY COMMISSARY PRECEDENT, AND ELIMINATING
    THE 75.7 PERCENT PRIVATE MARKUP ON FOOD THAT FUNCTIONS AS A
    CONSUMPTION TAX OREGONIANS NEVER VOTED FOR IN A STATE WITH NO
    SALES TAX;

    (2) CREATING AN OREGON ESSENTIAL GOODS PROGRAM THROUGH THE OREGON
    BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT TO PRODUCE AND DISTRIBUTE
    CLOTHING, HOUSEHOLD SUPPLIES, HYGIENE PRODUCTS, AND OTHER
    ESSENTIAL GOODS AT BELOW-RETAIL PRICING;

    (3) AMENDING ORS CHAPTER 431 TO DESIGNATE FOOD INSECURITY AND
    POVERTY-RELATED CHRONIC STRESS AS PUBLIC HEALTH CONDITIONS WITH
    DOCUMENTED PHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, BASED ON THE WHITEHALL STUDIES
    (MARMOT), PRIMATE STUDIES (SAPOLSKY, SHIVELY), AND TELOMERE
    RESEARCH (BLACKBURN, 2009 NOBEL PRIZE), WITH SPECIFIC ATTENTION
    TO HEALTH DAMAGE IN OREGON'S RURAL TIMBER COMMUNITIES AND
    UNSHELTERED HOMELESS POPULATIONS, BUILDING ON THE OREGON HEALTH
    PLAN'S EVIDENCE-BASED TRADITION;

    (4) EXTENDING COMPULSORY EDUCATION IN OREGON FROM AGE EIGHTEEN
    TO AGE TWENTY-FIVE BY AMENDING ORS 339.010, CREATING A SEAMLESS
    K-20 EDUCATION PIPELINE INTEGRATING THE K-12 SYSTEM, OREGON'S
    SEVENTEEN COMMUNITY COLLEGES, AND ALL PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES INTO
    A SINGLE DEVELOPMENTAL FRAMEWORK, EXTENDING OREGON PROMISE FROM
    COMMUNITY-COLLEGE-ONLY COVERAGE TO FULLY FUNDED IN-STATE TUITION
    FOR ALL OREGON RESIDENTS ENROLLED IN THE PIPELINE;

    (5) IMPLEMENTING A VQ-ALIGNED CURRICULUM (VITRUVIAN QUOTIENT)
    MEASURING EIGHT DEVELOPMENTAL DOMAINS (KNOWLEDGE, REASONING,
    EMOTIONAL, LANGUAGE, CREATIVE, SOCIAL, MOTOR, AND BIOLOGICAL
    QUOTIENTS) MAPPED TO ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES AND REPLACING
    PASSIVE ATTENDANCE WITH STRUCTURED LEARNING TRIALS BASED ON
    VYGOTSKY'S ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT AND BJORK'S DESIRABLE
    DIFFICULTIES, APPLYING THE LESSON OF MEASURE 110: THAT REMOVING
    CONSTRAINTS WITHOUT BUILDING DEVELOPMENTAL STRUCTURE PRODUCES
    WORSE OUTCOMES;

    (6) ESTABLISHING A POST-AGE-TWENTY-FIVE PUBLIC SERVICE REQUIREMENT
    OF TWO TO FOUR YEARS ADJUNCT WITH STATE UNIVERSITY PROGRAMS FOR ALL
    CITIZENS COMPLETING THE K-20 PIPELINE, AND CREATING A RESOURCE
    LIBRARY SYSTEM DISTRIBUTING GOODS BY NEED AND TIERED BY PERMANENCE
    — INCLUDING PERMANENT HOUSING ALLOCATION TO ADDRESS OREGON'S
    UNSHELTERED HOMELESSNESS CRISIS — WITH FULL ACCESS UNLOCKED UPON
    COMPLETION OF BOTH THE K-20 EDUCATION PIPELINE AND THE PUBLIC
    SERVICE REQUIREMENT;

    (7) HONORING THE SOVEREIGNTY OF OREGON'S NINE FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED
    TRIBAL NATIONS THROUGH PARTNERSHIP PROVISIONS IN ALL DIVISIONS,
    ACKNOWLEDGING OREGON'S TRIBAL TERMINATION AND RESTORATION HISTORY;

    (8) APPROPRIATING FOUR HUNDRED THIRTY MILLION DOLLARS ($430,000,000)
    FOR THE 2027-29 BIENNIUM FROM THE GENERAL FUND, REPRESENTING 1.15
    PERCENT OF OREGON'S APPROXIMATELY $37.3 BILLION BIENNIAL GENERAL
    FUND?

SUBMISSION CLAUSE

    [ ] YES / FOR THE MEASURE

    [ ] NO / AGAINST THE MEASURE

RESULT STATEMENTS

RESULT OF "YES" VOTE: A "yes" vote establishes the Oregon Food, Resource, and Commodity Assurance Act, creating state-operated food assurance centers selling groceries at at-cost pricing (eliminating the 75.7% markup), designating poverty and hierarchy as public health conditions, extending compulsory education from age 18 to age 25 through a K-20 pipeline with fully funded tuition, establishing a post-education public service requirement, and creating a resource library distribution system with permanent housing allocation. It honors tribal sovereignty through partnership provisions and appropriates $430 million for the 2027-29 biennium.

RESULT OF "NO" VOTE: A "no" vote retains the current food distribution system with 75.7% markup above production cost, maintains current compulsory education through age 18, does not create a K-20 education pipeline or public service requirement, does not establish food assurance centers or a resource library system, and does not appropriate $430 million. Oregon's food insecurity rate of 13%, unsheltered homelessness rate (highest in the nation), and rural timber community health crises would continue to be addressed through existing programs.

BALLOT TEXT

This measure amends ORS Chapters 184, 285A, 327, 336, 339, 351, 431, and 561 to create the Oregon Food, Resource, and Commodity Assurance Act, containing five divisions:

DIVISION I — FOOD AND COMMODITY ASSURANCE

This division adds sections to ORS Chapter 561 and ORS Chapter 285A, creating:

    - An Oregon Food Assurance Program operated by the Department of
      Agriculture, establishing state-operated food distribution centers
      where all Oregon residents may purchase the full range of grocery
      products at at-cost pricing (production cost plus a facility
      surcharge not exceeding 5%);

    - Not fewer than five pilot centers within two years: two in the
      Portland metropolitan area (Multnomah/Washington/Clackamas
      counties), one in Salem-Keizer (Marion County), one in Eugene-
      Springfield (Lane County), and one in a rural timber community
      in southern or eastern Oregon (Klamath Falls, Roseburg, Coos Bay,
      Grants Pass, or Bend);

    - Expansion to twenty statewide centers within five years, with at
      least one center per congressional district and at least five
      centers serving rural communities;

    - Oregon-first procurement: 50% Oregon-sourced within three years,
      increasing to 70% within five years, leveraging Oregon's $6.4
      billion agricultural sector — including hazelnuts (99% of U.S.
      production), berries, grass seed, nursery products, wheat,
      potatoes, dairy, and cattle;

    - An Oregon Essential Goods Program distributing clothing, household
      supplies, hygiene products, tools, educational materials, and
      other essential goods at below-retail pricing;

    - Tribal food sovereignty provisions enabling Oregon's nine
      federally recognized tribal nations to co-operate or independently
      operate food assurance centers with state support;

    - THE NO-SALES-TAX ARGUMENT: Oregon voters rejected government
      taxation of consumption. But every Oregonian pays a 75.7% private
      markup on every grocery purchase. That markup exceeds any sales
      tax ever proposed in Oregon. At least a sales tax would fund
      public services. The markup funds corporate marketing budgets.
      The food assurance program eliminates the markup.

EVIDENTIARY BASIS: The USDA ERS Food Dollar Series establishes the farm share of the food dollar at 24.3 cents, with 75.7 cents in markup. The U.S. military commissary system has operated at-cost food distribution for 157 years under 10 U.S.C. Section 2484. Oregon's agricultural output of approximately $6.4 billion in annual cash receipts exceeds its population's food requirements. Approximately 771,719 Oregonians receive SNAP benefits. The state distributes approximately $1.60 billion annually in SNAP benefits through commercial retailers where 75.7 cents of every food dollar pays for markup. The geographer Albrecht Penck calculated in 1925 that Earth could sustain 8 billion people using 1920s agricultural technology. Cooper's Factory Proof establishes 19.5- 29.3x manufacturing overcapacity at 77% utilization.

DIVISION II — PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE

This division amends ORS Chapter 431, which:

    - Declares that food insecurity, poverty, and social hierarchy are
      medical conditions with documented physiological pathways,
      supported by the Whitehall Studies (Marmot: lowest-grade civil
      servants had 3x mortality of top grade), primate research
      (Sapolsky: subordination produces chronic elevated cortisol and
      immune suppression; Shively: subordinate status causes coronary
      artery disease), and Nobel Prize-winning telomere research
      (Blackburn: chronic stress shortens telomeres, aging DNA);

    - Establishes a timber community health initiative recognizing that
      Oregon's rural mill closures produced the identical Marmot/
      Sapolsky/Blackburn pathway: status loss → cortisol → cardio-
      vascular disease → substance use → shortened telomeres.
      Methamphetamine in rural Oregon is the opioid crisis with a
      different molecule — same cause, same biology;

    - Establishes homelessness health intervention sites at food
      assurance centers in Portland, Eugene, and Salem, recognizing
      that Oregon's unsheltered rate (highest in the nation) represents
      the extreme endpoint of the Marmot gradient;

    - Integrates with the Oregon Health Plan's evidence-based tradition
      — Oregon pioneered cost-effectiveness-based health prioritization
      in 1994. This division builds on that precedent;

    - Requires the Oregon Health Authority to conduct a baseline
      healthcare cost assessment within two years and submit annual
      reports on healthcare cost reductions attributable to the
      programs;

    - Establishes tribal health partnerships with all nine federally
      recognized tribal nations.

DIVISION III — EDUCATION MODERNIZATION

This is the largest division. It amends ORS 339.010 to extend compulsory education from age 18 to age 25, adds sections to ORS Chapters 327, 336, and 351, creating:

    THE K-20 EDUCATION PIPELINE: A continuous educational pathway from
    kindergarten through age 25, integrating the K-12 system, Oregon's
    seventeen (17) community colleges, and all public universities —
    including the University of Oregon (Eugene), Oregon State University
    (Corvallis), Portland State University, and regional universities —
    into a single developmental framework. Extends Oregon Promise from
    community-college-only coverage to full pipeline coverage.

    AUTOMATIC POSTSECONDARY ADMISSION: Upon completing secondary
    education, every Oregon resident is entitled to continue in the
    K-20 pipeline through a placement process administered by the HECC,
    replacing the competitive application model.

    FULLY FUNDED IN-STATE TUITION: Oregon Promise (ORS 348.272) expanded
    to cover full in-state tuition and mandatory fees at all public
    institutions for Oregon residents in the K-20 pipeline. Current
    in-state tuition: UO approximately $13,906; OSU approximately
    $12,500; community colleges approximately $5,000-$6,000. A needs-
    based living stipend established for students below 200% FPL.

    VQ-ALIGNED CURRICULUM: The Vitruvian Quotient framework (Cooper)
    models human intelligence as eight measurable domains: Knowledge
    (KQ), Reasoning (RQ), Emotional (EQ), Language (LQ), Creative (CQ),
    Social (SQ), Motor (MQ), and Biological (BQ) quotients. VQ = KQ+
    RQ+EQ+LQ+CQ+SQ+MQ+BQ. The curriculum maps these eight quotients
    to Erikson's psychosocial stages across five developmental stages:

    Stage 1: Foundation (Ages 0-6) — Trust, Autonomy, Initiative
    Stage 2: Knowledge Acquisition (Ages 6-12) — Industry vs. Inferiority
    Stage 3: Identity Formation (Ages 12-18) — Identity vs. Role Confusion
    Stage 4: Integration and Mastery (Ages 18-24) — Intimacy vs. Isolation
    Stage 5: Leadership and Transition (Age 25) — Citizen readiness

    STRUCTURED LEARNING TRIALS: Replaces passive attendance. Based on
    Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development, Bjork's desirable
    difficulties, and van Gennep/Turner rites of passage. THE LESSON
    OF MEASURE 110: Oregon learned in 2020-2024 that decriminalization
    (removing constraints) without developmental structure produces
    worse outcomes. The K-20 pipeline IS the structure that Measure 110
    needed and did not have.

    INTELLECTUAL LINEAGE AND CULTURAL LITERACY: Every graduating student
    must trace the chain of discovery in their field. Hirsch (1987):
    core knowledge must reside in one's own mind. This prevents
    Historical Apoplexy — the loss of civilizational memory (Cooper).

    TARGETING ERROR PROTECTION: Teachers not held accountable for
    structural conditions they did not create (Cooper, Paper V, 2025).

    OSU EXTENSION INTEGRATION: The K-20 pipeline leverages OSU
    Extension's network in all 36 Oregon counties to deliver pipeline
    programming to rural communities — building on land-grant
    infrastructure that has existed since 1868.

    TRIBAL EDUCATION PARTNERSHIP: Oregon's nine tribal nations invited
    to participate as sovereign educational partners, integrating
    tribal language, history, and cultural education.

DIVISION IV — PUBLIC SERVICE AND RESOURCE LIBRARY

This division adds sections to ORS Chapter 184, creating:

    PUBLIC SERVICE REQUIREMENT: Two to four years of approved public
    service, typically completed post-age-25 adjunct with Oregon state
    university programs. Service categories include government, emergency
    services, military, public education, agriculture/manufacturing,
    environmental conservation, tribal service, and community volunteer
    corps. Military/Peace Corps/AmeriCorps/VISTA credited year-for-year.

    RESOURCE LIBRARY: A distribution system for goods tiered by
    permanence:

    - Constant-need goods (food, consumables): Available to all
      Oregon residents through at-cost food assurance centers
    - Semi-permanent goods (clothing, household supplies): Available
      through essential goods program and resource library
    - Permanent goods (one home, one vehicle): Available to
      qualifying individuals — THIS TIER DIRECTLY ADDRESSES OREGON'S
      UNSHELTERED HOMELESSNESS CRISIS. Not temporary shelter.
      Permanent housing allocation.
    - Currency tier (luxury, custom, specialty): Currency survives
      for goods not covered by the resource library

    THE UNLOCK MECHANISM: Full resource library access upon completion
    of BOTH the K-20 education pipeline AND public service. The gate
    prevents Luthar's affluence pathology. You earn access through
    developmental maturity and public contribution. Typical age of
    full access: approximately 27-29.

DIVISION V — GENERAL PROVISIONS

APPROPRIATION:

    Department of Agriculture (food assurance):      $100,000,000
    Oregon Business Development Dept. (essential):    $40,000,000
    Oregon Health Authority (health assessment):      $10,000,000
    Department of Education (K-20 pipeline):         $250,000,000
    Dept. of Administrative Services (service/lib):   $30,000,000
    TOTAL (2027-29 biennium):                        $430,000,000

    This biennial total represents approximately 1.15% of Oregon's
    $37.3 billion General Fund for the 2025-27 biennium.

EFFECTIVE DATES:

    Division I (Food): July 1, 2027 — pilot centers operational within
    two years
    Division II (Health): July 1, 2027 — baseline assessment within
    two years
    Division III (Education): K-20 compulsory education phased in
    beginning with students entering ninth grade in 2029-30, with the
    first full cohort completing the pipeline in 2036-37. Full tuition
    funding phased in over three fiscal years.
    Division IV (Public Service): July 1, 2030 — applies to first
    cohort completing K-20 pipeline

SEVERABILITY: If any provision is held invalid, remaining provisions continue in effect.

EMERGENCY CLAUSE: This act is necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health and safety.

PROPONENT STATEMENT

This initiative proposes the most comprehensive state-level reform of food distribution and education in American legislative history. It is filed using the initiative process that Oregon invented.

THE PROBLEM: Oregon produces $6.4 billion in agricultural output annually, yet 771,719 Oregonians rely on SNAP benefits and 1.9 million visits were made to food assistance sites in 2024 — a 14% increase over the prior year. The USDA documents that 75.7 cents of every food dollar pays for markup, not food. The military commissary has distributed food at cost for 157 years to military families — but the Oregon taxpayers who fund it are denied access.

OREGON HAS NO SALES TAX. Oregonians have repeatedly rejected government taxation of consumption at the ballot box. Yet every Oregonian pays a 75.7% private markup on every grocery purchase — a consumption levy collected by corporations, not the state, that exceeds any sales tax ever proposed in Oregon and funds corporate marketing budgets rather than public services. Oregon voters rejected a government sales tax. But you pay a 75.7% private markup on every grocery item. That is not a tax — it is worse. At least a tax would fund public services.

Meanwhile, Oregon has the highest unsheltered homelessness rate in the nation. Portland's tent cities are visible on every major thoroughfare. Rural Oregon's timber communities — Klamath Falls, Roseburg, Coos Bay, Grants Pass — lost their economic base when the mills closed and have never recovered. The same hierarchy-mediated health damage that killed Ohio's steel workers and Michigan's auto workers is killing Oregon's timber workers — just with methamphetamine instead of opioids. Same biology. Different molecule.

The education system terminates structured developmental support at age 18, during seven years of critical prefrontal cortex maturation. Neuroscience establishes the brain does not fully mature until age 25. Sixty years of research — Marmot, Sapolsky, Shively, Blackburn — prove that poverty and hierarchy are not merely economic conditions but medical conditions that damage the body at the cellular level.

And Oregon already learned the hardest lesson: Measure 110 (2020) decriminalized drugs. By 2024, the legislature rolled it back with HB 4002. The lesson was not that decriminalization fails. The lesson was that removing constraints without building developmental structure — the gate — produces worse outcomes. Division III is the structure that Measure 110 needed.

THE SOLUTION: This act addresses all three problems simultaneously because they are interdependent:

    1. FOOD AT COST — not charity, not subsidy, but the same at-cost
       distribution model the military has used since 1867, extended to
       all Oregonians who fund it through their taxes. In a state with
       no sales tax, this eliminates the largest hidden consumption
       levy Oregonians pay;

    2. EDUCATION THROUGH MATURITY — extending compulsory education to
       match the brain's actual developmental timeline, extending
       Oregon Promise through the full K-20 pipeline with fully funded
       in-state tuition, leveraging OSU Extension in all 36 counties;

    3. SERVICE BEFORE ACCESS — the resource library does not give
       anything away. Citizens earn full access by completing their
       education and then contributing through post-age-25 public
       service adjunct with state university programs. The durables
       tier includes permanent housing allocation — the answer to
       Oregon's homelessness crisis.

Material abundance without education produces the affluence pathology documented by Luthar (2003): substance abuse, anxiety, and depression arising from wealth without developmental challenge. Education without material security cannot function because students cannot learn while food-insecure. These programs are interdependent.

THE COST: $430 million for the 2027-29 biennium — 1.15% of Oregon's $37.3 billion General Fund. Oregon currently distributes approximately $1.60 billion annually in SNAP benefits through commercial retailers. At-cost pricing delivers approximately four times the food value per benefit dollar. The food assurance program is designed to achieve self- sufficiency within seven years through volume surcharges.

THE DEMOCRATIC TRADITION: Oregon gave America the initiative process in 1902. William S. U'Ren and the Direct Legislation League created the Oregon System — the model that every other initiative state subsequently copied. One hundred and twenty-four years later, this petition asks Oregonians to use the process they invented for the purpose their democratic tradition demands.

Originally proposed: 2016 (Sassafras and Maple Research Foundation, Colorado DPOS Registration) Adapted to Oregon: March 2026 (Historical Apoplexy series, Cooper)

FISCAL IMPACT SUMMARY

(Prepared pursuant to ORS 250.125 and ORS 250.127)

INITIAL APPROPRIATION: $430,000,000 from the General Fund for the 2027-29 biennium

PERCENTAGE OF GENERAL FUND: 1.15% of approximately $37.3 billion

BREAKDOWN:

    Food Assurance Program:                $100,000,000 (0.27%)
    Essential Goods Program:                $40,000,000 (0.11%)
    Public Health Assessment:               $10,000,000 (0.03%)
    Education Modernization (K-20):        $250,000,000 (0.67%)
    Public Service / Resource Library:      $30,000,000 (0.08%)

PROJECTED ONGOING COSTS:

    Food assurance operations: Estimated $60-80 million per biennium
    during expansion phase (years 3-7), declining toward self-
    sufficiency through volume surcharges

    Education modernization: Estimated $300-400 million per biennium
    at full implementation, representing an increase over current
    higher education General Fund spending of approximately $1.1
    billion per biennium for public universities

    Public service administration: Estimated $20-30 million per
    biennium at full implementation

PROJECTED SAVINGS:

    SNAP efficiency: At-cost pricing delivers 4x food value per benefit
    dollar, reducing effective SNAP expenditure

    Healthcare cost reduction: Improved nutrition and reduced hierarchy
    stress projected to offset program costs within 10 years, based on
    Marmot's documentation of hierarchy-related healthcare utilization

    Homelessness reduction: The resource library's durables tier
    (permanent housing allocation) is projected to reduce chronic
    unsheltered homelessness, which currently costs Oregon an estimated
    $30,000-$50,000 per person per year in emergency services, medical
    care, and criminal justice costs

    Education return: Fully developed K-20 cohorts entering the
    workforce with complete prefrontal cortex maturation, cross-domain
    competency, and public service experience represent increased
    economic productivity and reduced social service utilization

CONTEXT:

    Oregon's biennial General Fund (2025-27): approximately $37.3B
    Oregon's combined GF + Lottery (2025-27): approximately $39.1B
    Oregon SNAP spending: approximately $1.60 billion annually ($3.2B
    biennially)
    Oregon higher education GF spending: approximately $1.1 billion
    per biennium (public universities), plus community college funding
    Total initial appropriation as share of GF: 1.15%
    Oregon has NO SALES TAX — this program replaces a private markup
    with a public investment

SIGNATURE LINES

I, the undersigned registered elector of the State of Oregon, do hereby petition the Secretary of State to submit to the registered electors of the State of Oregon a statutory measure, concerning the establishment of the Oregon Food, Resource, and Commodity Assurance Act, as set forth herein:

Print Name: ___________________________________________

Signature: ____________________________________________

Address: ______________________________________________

Date: ___________________

County of Residence: __________________________________

(Repeat as needed — 117,173 valid signatures required)

ESTIMATED COST PER SIGNATURE

Based on recent Oregon initiative campaigns, the cost to gather 117,173 signatures through a combination of volunteer and paid signature gathering is estimated at $1.50-$3.00 per signature, for a total signature gathering budget of approximately $175,000-$350,000. Oregon's strong initiative culture and deep volunteer tradition may reduce this cost significantly.

END OF BALLOT LANGUAGE

OREGON FOOD, RESOURCE, AND COMMODITY ASSURANCE ACT Citizen Initiative Petition Pursuant to Article IV, Section 1, Oregon Constitution

Prepared by: The Amanuensis — theamanuensis.com Originally proposed: 2016 (Cooper, Colorado) Adapted to Oregon: March 2026

"Oregon gave America the initiative process in 1902. One hundred and twenty-four years later, use it for what it was built for."

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